Alexander Veprik - Soviet mawaki, mawaki, malami, jama'a adadi. An yi masa danniya na Stalin. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin shahararrun da kuma tasiri wakilan abin da ake kira "Makarantar Yahudawa".
Mawaka da mawaƙa a ƙarƙashin mulkin Stalin sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan gata' 'yan kaɗan. Amma, Veprik, yana cikin "waɗanda suka yi sa'a" waɗanda suka shiga duk shari'ar mulkin Joseph Stalin.
Yaro da matasa Alexander Veprik
An haifi mawaki, mawaki da malami a nan gaba a Balta kusa da Odessa a cikin dangin Yahudawa. Alexander yaro ya wuce a kan ƙasa na Warsaw. Ranar haihuwar Veprik shine Yuni 23, 1899.
Yarintarsa da kuruciyarsa suna da alaƙa da kida mara iyaka. Tun yana karami, ya kware wajen yin kida da yawa. Ya kasance musamman sha'awar ingantawa, don haka Alexander shiga Leipzig Conservatory.
Da barkewar yakin duniya na daya, dangin sun koma Rasha. Veprik ya fara nazarin abun da ke ciki a karkashin Alexander Zhitomirsky a ɗakin ajiyar babban birnin al'adun kasar. A farkon 1921, ya koma Myaskovsky a Moscow Conservatory.
A tsawon wannan lokaci yana daya daga cikin jiga-jigan jiga-jigan jam'iyyar da ake kira "Jan Farfesoshi". 'Yan jam'iyyar sun yi adawa da masu sassaucin ra'ayi.
Veprik ya koyar a Moscow Conservatory har zuwa farkon 40s. A karshen shekarun 30s, an nada shi shugaban cibiyar ilimi. Mawaƙin yayi sauri ya ɗaga matakin aiki.
A karshen shekarun 20, an tura shi ziyarar kasuwanci zuwa Turai. Maestro ya yi musayar gogewa tare da abokan aikin kasashen waje. Har ila yau, ya gabatar da gabatarwa wanda ya yi magana game da tsarin ilimin kiɗa a cikin USSR. Ya gudanar da sadarwa tare da shahararrun mawaƙa na Turai kuma ya koyi daga kwarewa mai mahimmanci na abokan aiki na kasashen waje.
Alexander Veprik: m abun da ke ciki
An riga an lura a sama cewa Alexander Veprik yana daya daga cikin mafi kyawun wakilan al'adun kiɗa na Yahudawa. Na farko yanki na music wanda ya ba shi shahararsa - ya gabatar a 1927. Muna magana ne game da abun da ke ciki "Dances da songs na ghetto".
A 1933 ya gabatar da "Stalinstan" for mawaƙa da piano. Masoyan kiɗan ba su lura da aikin ba. Ya kasance a saman Olympus na kiɗa.
Duk da cewa ya samu ci gaba sosai a fagen waka, nan da nan aikin mawaki ya fara raguwa. Sai da yammacin 30s ya ɗanɗana ɗanɗanon farin jini. An umurce shi zuwa gidan wasan opera na Kyrgyzstan "Toktogul", wanda a ƙarshe ya canza rayuwarsa.
A 43, an kore shi a wulakanci daga Moscow Conservatory. A cikin wannan lokacin, ba a ji komai game da maestro ba. A zahiri bai tsara sabbin ayyuka ba kuma ya jagoranci salon rayuwa mai ma'ana.
Sai kawai bayan shekaru 5 matsayi na mawaƙa ya inganta kadan. Sa'an nan kuma shugaban kungiyar mawaƙa T. Khrennikov ya yanke shawarar bai wa mawaki matsayi a cikin na'urarsa.
A karshen shekarun 40, ya kammala bugu na biyu na wasan opera na Toktogul. Lura cewa aikin bai ƙare ba. An gudanar da wasan opera ne kawai bayan mutuwar maestro. Bayan shekara guda aka kama shi. An yankewa Veprik hukuncin daurin shekaru 8 a gidan yari.
Daga cikin waƙoƙinsa na kiɗa, muna ba da shawarar sauraren piano sonatas, violin suite, viola rhapsody, da kuma Kaddish don murya da piano.
Alexander Veprik: kama
Wasu tambayoyi bayan kama mawaƙin sun shafi opera Toktogul, wanda maestro ya yi wa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kyrgyzstan. Mai binciken da ya jagoranci shari'ar Veprik ya yi nisa da kiɗa. Duk da haka, ya bayar da hujjar cewa wasan opera ba ya ɗaukar abubuwan Kyrgyzstan, amma shine "Kiɗa na Sihiyona."
Hukumomin Tarayyar Soviet kuma sun tuna da balaguron kasuwanci na yamma zuwa Alexander Veprik. A gaskiya ma, tafiya marar laifi zuwa Turai ya kamata ya ba da gudummawa ga sake fasalin ilimin kiɗa, amma hukumomin Stalinist sun ɗauki wannan dabara a matsayin cin amana.
A cikin bazara na shekara ta 51, an yanke wa mawaki hukuncin shekaru 8 a sansanonin aiki. An "dinka" shari'ar da ake zargi da sauraron watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo na kasashen waje da kuma adana littattafan da aka haramta a cikin Tarayyar Soviet.
An tura Alexander da farko zuwa kurkuku, sa'an nan kuma kalmar "mataki" ta biyo baya. A ambaton kalmar "mataki" - an jefa mawallafin cikin gumi har zuwa ƙarshen kwanakinsa. Matakin izgili ne da azaba a kwalba daya. Ba a lalata fursunonin cikin ɗabi'a kawai ba, wanda ke nuna cewa sun kasance masu tsaka-tsaki, har ma da cin zarafi.
Alexander Veprik: rayuwa a cikin sansani
Sa'an nan aka aika shi zuwa sansanin Sosva. A wuraren da aka hana 'yanci, ba ya aiki a jiki. An ba wa mawakin aikin da ke kusa da shi a ruhu. Shi ne ya dauki nauyin shirya kungiyar al'adu. Brigade na da fursunoni da suka yi nisa da kiɗa.
Bayan shekara guda, matsayin Alexander ya canza sosai. Gaskiyar ita ce, an fitar da doka bisa ga yadda za a raba duk fursunonin da suka fada a karkashin doka ta 58 da sauran.
Gudanar da Sev-Ural-Laga ya yanke shawarar mayar da Alexander zuwa Sosva. An sake kawo shi aiki tare da brigade mai sanyi. Daya daga cikin ma’aikatan babban sashen ya shawarci maestro da ya tsara wata irin kida mai kishin kasa.
Fursunonin ya fara aiki a sashin farko na cantata "Jarumi-Jarumi". Botov (ma'aikaci na babban sashen) ya aika da aikin zuwa ga Union of Composers. Amma an soki aikin da ke wurin. Cantata bai yi daidai ba akan masu sukar.
Bayan mutuwar Stalin, Alexander ya rubuta wa ’yar’uwarsa takardar neman sake duba shari’ar da aka yi wa Rudenko, Babban Mai gabatar da kara na Tarayyar Soviet.
Da yake la’akari da lamarin, Rudenko ya ce nan ba da jimawa ba za a saki maestro. Amma "ba da daɗewa ba" ya ci gaba har zuwa wani lokaci marar iyaka. Maimakon haka, za a aika Alexander zuwa babban birnin kasar.
Abubuwan ban sha'awa game da mawaki
- A shekara ta 1933, mawaƙin Soviet suka yi "Rawa da Waƙoƙin Ghetto" ta ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Philharmonic, jagorancin Arturo Toscanini.
- Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan mutuwar maestro, an fara fara wasan opera Toktogul a wurin bikin kidan Kyrgyzstan a babban birnin tarayyar Rasha. Fastocin ba su nuna sunan maestro ba.
- Ba a fitar da adadi mai yawa na kidan maestro ba.
Mutuwar Alexander Veprik
Alexander Veprik ya shafe shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa yana yaƙi da tsarin mulkin Soviet. An sake shi a shekara ta 1954 kuma ya shafe tsawon shekara guda yana ƙoƙarin dawo da gidansa, wanda hukumomi sun riga sun gudanar da sulhu da masanin kida Boris Yarustovsky.
An shafe abubuwan da ya rubuta daga fuskar duniya. Da gangan aka manta da shi. Ya ji ya fadi. Ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 1958. Dalilin mutuwar mawakin shine ciwon zuciya.
A zamaninmu, ana yin ayyukan kiɗa na Soviet mawaki a cikin Rasha da kuma kasashen waje.
