Alfred Schnittke mawaki ne wanda ya sami damar ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga kiɗan gargajiya. Ya faru a matsayin mawaki, makadi, malami kuma ƙwararren masanin kiɗa. Rubuce-rubucen Alfred suna sauti a cikin fina-finan zamani. Amma galibi ana jin ayyukan shahararren mawakin a gidajen sinima da wuraren shagali.
Ya yi balaguro da yawa a kasashen Turai. An girmama Schnittke ba kawai a cikin mahaifarsa ta tarihi ba, har ma a kasashen waje. Babban fasalin Schnittke shine salo na musamman da asali.
Alfred Schnittke: Yaro da Matasa
An haifi mawaki na gaba a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 1934 a birnin Engels. Abin sha'awa shine, iyayen ƙwararren maestro suna da tushen Yahudawa. Garin mahaifar shugaban iyali shine Frankfurt am Main. Lokacin da yakin duniya na biyu ya fara, an tilasta wa iyali ƙaura zuwa babban birnin kasar. Kaka da kaka sun zauna a wurin. Wannan ceton rai ne ga dangi.
Schnittke ya girma a cikin babban iyali. Ban da shi, iyayensa sun sake renon yara uku. Alfred ya faɗi abubuwa masu kyau kawai game da iyalinsa. Sun kasance abokantaka kuma sun yi ƙoƙari su tallafa wa juna a cikin wahala da kuma lokutan yakin bayan yakin. Sa'an nan kuma an tilasta wa iyalin su tattara abubuwan da suka dace kuma su koma Moscow. Iyaye sun koyar da yara Jamusanci, yayin da kakanni ke koyar da tushen harshen Rashanci.
Yaron mai hazaka ya fara shiga harkar waka tun yana dan shekara 11. Bayan yakin, babban iyali ya koma Vienna. Wannan ma'aunin ya zama dole. Shugaban iyali yayi sa'a. A Vienna, ya ɗauki matsayin wakilin jaridar Österreichische Zeitung.
A cikin Ostiriya, Alfred ya sauke karatu daga makarantar kiɗa a tsakiyar shekarun 1940 na ƙarni na ƙarshe. Ci gaban kerawa a ƙarshe ya tabbatar masa da cewa yana kan hanya madaidaiciya. Bayan 'yan shekaru, dangin Schnittke sun dawo kan akwatunan. Sun koma Moscow. Mama da baba sun sami aiki a jaridar gida. Kuma Alfred ya ci gaba da sanin waƙa.
A cikin marigayi 1950s, saurayin yana riƙe da diploma a cikin abun da ke ciki daga Moscow Conservatory. Sannan ya tafi graduate school. A farkon shekarun 1960 na karnin da ya gabata, Alfred ya koyar da "Karanta maki" da "Kayan aiki". Malamin da gangan bai dauki mutane da yawa cikin rukuninsa ba don ya ba da ƙarin lokaci ga kowane ɗalibi.
Sannan ya zama wani bangare na kungiyar mawaka. Ayyukan ba su ba Schnittke kudi mai yawa ba, don haka ya ɗauki rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce don cinema. Duk da gagarumin aikin da yake yi, bai bar bangon makarantar da yake koyarwa ba.
Hanyar kirkira ta Alfred Schnittke
Alfred - mai zurfi mawaki, wanda, a ko'ina cikin m biography, kokarin fahimtar mutum da jigon. Ya bayyana abubuwan da ya faru a cikin ayyukansa. Kwarewa, tsoro, neman gaskiya da ma'anar rayuwar ɗan adam - waɗannan batutuwa Schnittke ya tabo a cikin abubuwan da ya tsara. A cikin abubuwan da aka yi na mawaƙa, an halicci nau'i na musamman na ban tausayi da ban dariya.
Ya zama mahaliccin kalmar "polystylists" (haɗin kayan ado daban-daban). A farkon shekarun 1970, Alfred ya kirkiro ballet na farko, wanda ake kira Labyrinths. Sai mahaifiyarsa ta rasu. Don tunawa da ita, mawallafin ya rubuta quintet piano, wanda a yau aka sani da jama'a a matsayin "Mawallafin Aiki".
Ya yi aiki sosai a kan hanyar aleatorics. A cikin taƙaitaccen abubuwan da aka rubuta ta wannan hanyar, zaku iya samun babban adadin sarari don haɓakawa. Irin waɗannan ayyukan ba su da iyaka ta firam.
A wannan yanayin, abun da ke ciki "Symphony na farko" shine kyakkyawan misali. Aikin da aka fara yi godiya ga m shugaba Gennady Rozhdestvensky. Abin sha'awa, irin wannan kiɗan yana son kowa da kowa. Bugu da ƙari, an yi la'akari da abun da ke ciki na gargajiya. Saboda haka, da abun da ke ciki "Na farko Symphony" ba a yi a operas na St. Petersburg da kuma Moscow. Its gabatarwa ya faru a kan ƙasa na Nizhny Novgorod.
Ayyukan Alfred Schnittke na asali ne kuma na asali, tun da ba shi da wani nau'i da ƙuntatawa na salo. A ƙarshen 1970s, maestro ya gabatar da Concerto Grosso No. 1 ga masu sha'awar kiɗan gargajiya. Abubuwan da aka gabatar sun ɗaukaka mahaliccinsa. Alfred Schnittke ya shahara fiye da iyakokin jiharsa ta haihuwa.
Polystylists ya burge Schnittke. Sautin waƙar jama'a ya yi masa wahayi. Irin waɗannan ayyukan sun burge shi, maestro ya rubuta Der Sonnengesang des Franz von Assisi. Masu sauraro masu buƙatar sun karɓi sabon abun da aka tsara ba ƙaramin ƙarfi ba.
Alfred Schnittke: Sabbin Rubuce-rubucen
Ba da da ewa gabatar da abun da ke ciki "Second Symphony" ya faru, da kuma da dama da suka biyo baya. A wannan shekarar ya ziyarci Paris Opera. Ya shiga cikin samar da opera The Queen of Spades.
Bayan da Algis Žiuraitis ya sami labarin cewa opera na shirin yin wasan kwaikwayon The Queen of Spades, ya buga wani labari mai tsokana. Shugaban gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bolshoi, Lyubimov, ba a sake shi ba daga Tarayyar Soviet don gudanar da aikin motsa jiki. Don haka, farkon wasan opera The Queen of Spades bai faru ba. Sai kawai a farkon shekarun 1990, an fassara ra'ayin masu halitta zuwa gaskiya. An gudanar da wasan farko a Karlsruhe. A ƙarshen shekarun 1990, masu kallon wasan kwaikwayo na Moscow sun yi farin ciki a cikin samar da wasan opera The Queen of Spades.
Kololuwar shaharar mawakin
An yarda da cewa kololuwar shaharar Schnittke ya kasance a cikin shekarun 1980 na karnin da ya gabata. A lokacin ne maestro ya buga cantata Tarihin Dr. Johann Faust. Yana da mahimmanci cewa Schnittke ya yi aiki a kan ƙirƙirar abubuwan da aka gabatar fiye da shekaru 10. Masu suka da masu sha'awar maestro ma sun yarda da sabon sabon abu.
A tsakiyar 1980s, maestro ya buga Cello Concerto No. 1. Bayan shekara guda, ya raba ayyukan ban mamaki na Symphony na biyar da Concerto Grosso No. 4. Daga baya, daga alkalami ya fito:
- "Ƙungiyoyi uku don addu'o'in Orthodox";
- "Concerto na gauraye mawaƙa a kan ayoyin G. Narekatsi";
- " Waqoqin Tuba".
Hazakar mawaƙin ƙwaƙƙwaran an yaba shi a matakin mafi girma. Ba asiri ba ne cewa ya bar gadon arziki. Ya rubuta ballet da operas, fiye da dozin biyu na kide kide, kade-kade tara, kide-kide na violin guda hudu. Ya sami rakiyar kida mai yawa don wasan opera da na fina-finai.
A tsakiyar 1980s, an gane basirar Schnittke a matsayi mafi girma. Ya zama "Mai Girma Artist na RSFSR". Bugu da kari, mawakin ya sha rike manyan kyaututtuka da kyaututtuka a hannunsa.
Cikakkun bayanai na sirri rayuwa na mawaki Alfred Schnittke
Duk da rayuwar kirkire-kirkire, Schnittke ya sami lokaci don soyayya. Ya yi aure sau biyu. Haɗin iyali na farko ya faru tun yana ƙarami. Soyayya ce a gani na farko. Matar shahararren mawaki ita ce yarinya mai suna Galina Koltsova. Iyalin ba su daɗe ba. Nan da nan suka rabu.
Da sunan soyayya, Schnittke ya keta ka'idojin koyarwa. Ya fada cikin soyayya tare da dalibi Irina Kataeva. Maestro ya yi sha'awar irin kyawun yarinyar da ba a gani ba. Ba da daɗewa ba dangi ya girma ta mutum ɗaya. Irina ta haifi magajin mawaki. Sunan yaron Andrew.
Schnittke akai-akai ya ce Ira Kataeva shine ƙaunar rayuwarsa. Iyalin sun rayu cikin jituwa da ƙauna. Ma'auratan ba su rabu ba har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwar shahararren maestro.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa
- Ya tsara kiɗa don fiye da fina-finai 30.
- A farkon shekarun 1990, Alfred ya sami lambar yabo ta Lenin. Amma ya ki amincewa da hakan bisa dalilai na kashin kansa.
- Daya daga cikin philharmonics, wanda aka located in Saratov, mai suna bayan Alfred Schnittke.
- An yi fina-finan tarihin rayuwa da yawa game da rayuwar shahararren maestro.
- Mawakin ya rasu ne a kasar Jamus, amma an binne shi a babban birnin kasar Rasha.
Shekarun ƙarshe na rayuwar mawakin
A cikin 1985, maestro ya sha fama da bugun jini da yawa. Lafiyar shahararren mawakin ya tabarbare, amma duk da haka, ya ci gaba da aiki tukuru. A farkon shekarun 1990, shi da matarsa sun koma yankin Hamburg. Can mawakin ya koyar a babbar makaranta.
A watan Agusta 1998, maestro ya sake samun bugun jini, wanda ya haifar da mutuwa. Agusta 3, 1998 ya mutu. Jikin Schnittke yana hutawa a makabartar Novodevichy a Moscow.
