An san shi a duniya a matsayin "Uwargida ta Farko na Waƙa", Ella Fitzgerald tabbas ɗaya ce daga cikin manyan mawakan mata na kowane lokaci. An ba shi babbar murya mai faɗi, faffadan kewayo da cikakkiyar ƙamus, Fitzgerald ita ma tana da dabarar juye-juye, kuma tare da ƙwaƙƙwaran fasahar rera waƙa za ta iya yin tsayayya da kowane ɗayan zamaninta.
Da farko ta sami shahara a matsayinta na memba na ƙungiyar da mashawarci Chick Webb ya shirya a cikin 1930s. Tare sun yi rikodin buga "A-Tisket, A-Tasket", sannan a cikin 1940s, Ella ta sami karbuwa sosai saboda wasan kwaikwayon jazz da ta yi a cikin Jazz a ƙungiyar Philharmonic da Dizzy Gillespie's Big Band.
Aiki tare da furodusa kuma manaja na ɗan lokaci Norman Grantz, ta sami ƙarin ƙwarewa tare da jerin kundin album ɗinta da aka kirkira a ɗakin rikodin Verve. Studio ya yi aiki tare da mawaƙa daban-daban, waɗanda ake kira "Mawallafin Mawaƙa na Amurka".
A cikin aikinta na shekaru 50, Ella Fitzgerald ta sami lambar yabo ta Grammy 13, ta sayar da kundi sama da miliyan 40, kuma ta sami lambobin yabo da yawa da suka hada da lambar yabo ta kasa da lambar yabo ta Shugaban kasa na 'Yanci.
Fitzgerald, a matsayinta na mutuniyar al'adu mai matuƙar mahimmanci, ta yi tasiri mara misaltuwa a kan ci gaban jazz da shahararriyar kiɗan kuma ta kasance matattarar mawaƙa da masu fasaha shekaru da yawa bayan ta tashi daga mataki.
Yadda yarinyar ta tsira daga wahalhalu da munanan asara
An haifi Fitzgerald a cikin 1917 a Newport News, Virginia. Ta girma a cikin dangi masu aiki a Yonkers, New York. Iyayenta sun rabu ba da daɗewa ba bayan haihuwarta, kuma mahaifiyarta Temperance "Tempy" Fitzgerald da saurayin inna Joseph "Joe" Da Silva ta girma.
Yarinyar kuma tana da 'yar'uwar 'yar uwa, Frances, an haife shi a 1923. Don taimaka wa dangi da kuɗi, Fitzgerald sau da yawa yana samun kuɗi daga ayyuka marasa kyau, gami da yin kuɗi lokaci-lokaci yin caca na gida.
A matsayinta na matashi mai cikakken ƙarfin gwiwa, Ella ta kasance mai ƙwazo a wasanni kuma galibi tana buga wasannin ƙwallon kwando na gida. Mahaifiyarta ta rinjayi ta, ta kuma ji daɗin raira waƙa da rawa, kuma ta shafe sa'o'i da yawa tana rera waƙa tare da bayanan Bing Crosby, Conna Boswell da 'yan'uwan Boswell. Yarinyar kuma sau da yawa takan ɗauki jirgin ƙasa kuma ta tafi wani gari da ke kusa don kallon wasan kwaikwayo tare da abokai a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Apollo a Harlem.
A cikin 1932, mahaifiyarta ta mutu daga raunin da ta samu a wani hatsarin mota. Cikin tsananin damuwa da asarar, Fitzgerald ya shiga tsaka mai wuya. Sannan ta dinga tsallakewa zuwa makaranta kuma ta samu matsala da 'yan sanda.
Daga baya an tura ta zuwa makarantar gyara, inda masu kula da Ella suka ci zarafinta. Daga ƙarshe ta sami 'yanci daga gidan yari, ta ƙare a New York a tsakiyar Babban Bacin rai.
Duk da wahalhalu, Ella Fitzgerald ta yi aiki saboda ta bi mafarkinta da kuma ƙaunar da ba za ta iya misaltuwa ba.
Gasa da nasara Ella Fitzgerald
A cikin 1934, ta shiga kuma ta lashe gasar mai son a Apollo, tana rera "Judy" na Hody Carmichael a cikin salon gunkinta, Conne Boswell. Mawallafin Saxophonist Benny Carter ya kasance tare da ƙungiyar a wannan maraice, yana ɗaukar matashin mawaƙin a ƙarƙashin reshensa yana ƙarfafa ta ta ci gaba da aikinta.
Ƙarin gasa ya biyo baya, kuma a cikin 1935 Fitzgerald ya lashe tallace-tallace na tsawon mako guda tare da Teeny Bradshaw a Harlem Opera House. A can ta sadu da ƙwararren ɗan wasan bugu Chick Webb, wanda ya yarda ya gwada ta tare da ƙungiyarsa a Yale. Ta burge jama'a kuma ta yi shekaru masu zuwa tare da wani dan ganga wanda ya zama mai kula da ita a shari'a kuma ya sake fasalin shirinsa don nuna matashin mawaki.
Shaharar ƙungiyar ta haɓaka tare da Fitzgeralds yayin da suka mamaye yaƙin Savoy na makada, kuma sun fito da jerin ayyuka akan Decca 78s, suna buga "A Tisket-A-Tasket" a cikin 1938 da B-gefe guda "T'aint". Abin da kuke Yi (Hanyar da kuke Yi)), da kuma "Liza" da "Ba a yanke hukunci ba".
Yayin da aikin mawaƙin ya girma, lafiyar Webb ta fara tabarbarewa. A cikin shekarunsa talatin, mawaƙin, wanda ya yi fama da cutar tarin fuka na kashin baya a tsawon rayuwarsa, a zahiri yana fama da gajiya bayan ya buga wasan kwaikwayo kai tsaye. Duk da haka, ya ci gaba da aiki, yana fatan ƙungiyarsa za ta ci gaba da yin aiki a lokacin Babban Mawuyacin hali.
A cikin 1939, jim kaɗan bayan wani babban tiyata a asibitin Johns Hopkins da ke Baltimore, Maryland, Webb ya mutu. Bayan mutuwarsa, Fitzgerald ya ci gaba da jagorantar ƙungiyar ta da gagarumar nasara har zuwa 1941, lokacin da ta yanke shawarar fara sana'ar solo.
Sabbin rikodin bugu
Duk da yake har yanzu yana kan alamar Decca, Fitzgerald kuma ya haɗu tare da Tawada tawada, Louis Jordan da Delta Rhythm Boys don hits da yawa. A cikin 1946, Ella Fitzgerald ya fara aiki akai-akai ga manajan jazz Norman Grantz a Philharmonic.
Ko da yake Fitzgerald sau da yawa ana gane shi a matsayin mawaƙin pop a lokacin da take tare da Webb, ta fara gwaji tare da "scat" waƙa. Ana amfani da wannan fasaha a jazz lokacin da mai yin wasan kwaikwayo ya kwaikwayi kayan kida da muryarsa.
Fitzgerald ya zagaya tare da gungun Dizzy Gillespie kuma nan da nan ya karɓi bebop (salon jazz) a matsayin wani muhimmin ɓangaren hotonta. Har ila yau mawakiyar ta karkatar da shirye-shiryenta na kai-tsaye da kayan aikin solo, wanda ya bai wa jama’a mamaki tare da karrama ta a wajen sauran mawakanta.
Rikodin nata na "Lady Be Good", "Yaya High Moon" da "Flying Home" daga 1945-1947 an sake su don yabo mai girma kuma sun taimaka wajen tabbatar da matsayinta na babbar mawaƙin jazz.
Rayuwa ta sirri tana haɗuwa tare da aikin Ella Fitzgerald
Yayin aiki tare da Gillespie, ta sadu da bassist Ray Brown kuma ta aure shi. Ray ya zauna tare da Ella daga 1947 zuwa 1953, lokacin da mawaƙin ya yi ta yi tare da 'yan wasanta uku. Ma'auratan kuma sun ɗauki ɗa, Ray Brown Jr. (an haife shi ga Fitzgerald's rabin 'yar'uwar Francis a 1949), wanda ya ci gaba da aikinsa a matsayin dan wasan pian da kuma mawaƙa.
A cikin 1951, mawaƙin ya haɗu tare da ɗan wasan pian Ellis Larkins don kundin Ella Sings Gershwin, inda ta fassara waƙoƙin George Gershwin.
Sabuwar lakabin - Verve
Bayan bayyanarta a cikin Pete Kelly's The Blues a cikin 1955, Fitzgerald ya sanya hannu tare da alamar Norman Grantz's Verve. Manajanta na dadewa Granz ya ba da shawarar Verve musamman don kawai dalilin da ya dace na nuna muryarta.
Farawa a cikin 1956 tare da littafin waƙa da Cole Porter, za ta yi rikodin jerin littattafan waƙoƙi masu yawa, tana fassara kiɗan manyan mawaƙa na Amurka ciki har da Cole Porter, George da Ira Gershwin, Rodgers & Hart, Duke Ellington, Harold Arlen, Jerome Kern da Johnny. Mercer.
Fitattun wakokin da suka samu Fitzgerald ta farko Grammys guda hudu a 1959 da 1958 sun kara daukaka matsayinta a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan mawaka na kowane lokaci.
Sakin farko ya biyo bayan wasu waɗanda ba da daɗewa ba za su zama kundi na gargajiya, gami da 1956 duet buga tare da Louis Armstrong "Ella & Louis", da kuma 1957's Kamar Wani a cikin Soyayya da 1958's "Porgy da Bess" kuma tare da Armstrong.
A karkashin Grantz, Fitzgerald ya yi yawon shakatawa akai-akai, yana fitar da kundi masu rai da yawa. Daga cikin su, a cikin shekarun 1960, wasan kwaikwayo na "Mack the Knife" a cikin abin da ta manta da lyrics da improvised. Ɗaya daga cikin faifan kundi na sana'ar da aka fi siyar da ita, "Ella in Berlin" ta bai wa mawaƙiyar damar samun lambar yabo ta Grammy Award for Best Vocal Performance. Daga baya an shigar da kundin a cikin Grammy Hall of Fame a cikin 1999.
An sayar da Verve zuwa MGM a 1963, kuma a 1967 Fitzgerald ya sami kanta yana aiki ba tare da kwangila ba. A cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa, ta yi rikodin waƙoƙi don lakabi da yawa kamar Capitol, Atlantic da Reprise. Kundin nata kuma sun samo asali tsawon shekaru yayin da take sabunta repertoire tare da waƙoƙin pop da rock na zamani kamar Cream's "Sunshine of Your Love" da Beatles'"Hey Jude".
Yin aiki don Pablo Records
Duk da haka, shekarunta na baya sun sake zama alamar tasirin Granz bayan ya kafa lakabi mai zaman kansa Pablo Records. Kundin raye-rayen Jazz a Santa Monica Civic '72, wanda ya fito da Ella Fitzgerald, dan wasan pianist Tommy Flanagan, da Count Basie Orchestra, sun sami karbuwa ta hanyar tallace-tallacen oda kuma ya taimaka ƙaddamar da lakabin Grantz.
Ƙarin kundi da aka biyo baya a cikin 70s da 80s, yawancin su sun haɗa mawaƙa tare da masu fasaha irin su Basie, Oscar Peterson da Joe Pass.
Yayin da ciwon sukari ya yi tasiri a kan idanunta da zuciyarta, wanda ya tilasta mata yin hutu daga yin wasan kwaikwayo, Fitzgerald koyaushe yana riƙe da salonta na farin ciki da jin daɗi. A nesa da matakin, ta dukufa wajen taimakawa matasa marasa galihu kuma ta ba da gudummawa ga ayyukan agaji daban-daban.
A cikin 1979, ta sami lambar yabo ta girmamawa daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Kennedy. Har ila yau, a cikin 1987, Shugaba Ronald Reagan ya ba ta lambar yabo ta National Medal of Arts.
Sauran kyaututtukan sun biyo baya, gami da lambar yabo ta "Kwamandan a Arts da Karatu" daga Faransa, da kuma digirin girmamawa da yawa daga Yale, Harvard, Dartmouth, da sauran cibiyoyi.
Bayan wani wasan kwaikwayo a Hall Carnegie na New York a 1991, ta yi ritaya. Fitzgerald ta mutu a ranar 15 ga Yuni, 1996 a gidanta a Beverly Hills, California. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata tun bayan mutuwarta, sunan Fitzgerald a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun mutane da ake iya gane su a jazz da kuma shahararriyar kida ya karu ne kawai.
Ta kasance sunan gida a duk faɗin duniya kuma ta sami lambobin yabo da yawa bayan mutuwa, gami da Grammy da Medal na 'Yanci na Shugaban ƙasa.
