Pyotr Tchaikovsky shi ne ainihin dukiyar duniya. Mawaƙin Rasha, ƙwararren malami, jagora da masu sukar kiɗa sun ba da babbar gudummawa ga haɓaka kiɗan gargajiya.
Yara da matasa na Pyotr Tchaikovsky
An haife shi a ranar 7 ga Mayu, 1840. Ya ciyar da yarantaka a cikin ƙaramin ƙauyen Votkinsk. Uba da mahaifiyar Pyotr Ilyich ba su da alaƙa da kerawa. Alal misali, shugaban iyali injiniya ne, kuma mahaifiyar ta renon yara.
Iyalin sun yi rayuwa cikin wadata. An tilasta mata ƙaura zuwa Urals, saboda an ba mahaifinta mukamin shugaban masana'antar karfe. A cikin ƙauyen, an ba Ilya Tchaikovsky wani ƙasa tare da bayi.
Bitrus ya girma a babban iyali. Ba wai kawai yara sun zauna a gidan ba, har ma da dangi da yawa na shugaban iyali Ilya Tchaikovsky. Wata gwamnatin Faransa ce ta koyar da yaran, wanda mahaifin Peter daga St. Petersburg ya kira su. Ba da daɗewa ba ta zama cikakkiyar ɗan gida.
Sau da yawa ana kunna kiɗa a cikin gidan mawaƙin Rasha na gaba. Kuma ko da yake iyaye suna da alaƙa a kaikaice da ƙirƙira, mahaifina da fasaha ya buga sarewa, kuma mahaifiyata ta rera waƙar soyayya kuma tana buga piano. Little Petya ya ɗauki darussan piano daga Palchikova.
Bugu da ƙari, kiɗa, Bitrus yana sha'awar tsara waƙa. Ya rubuta masa wakoki na ban dariya da harshen da ba na asali ba. Daga baya, abubuwan da Tchaikovsky ya samu sun sami ma'anar falsafa.
A ƙarshen 1840s na karni na karshe, babban iyali ya koma babban birnin Rasha - Moscow. Bayan 'yan shekaru, da iyali zauna a kan ƙasa na St. Petersburg. A babban birnin al’adu na Rasha, an tura ’yan’uwan zuwa makarantar kwana ta Schmeling.
A St. Petersburg, Pyotr Tchaikovsky ya fara nazarin kiɗa da wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya. A wannan lokacin, ya kamu da cutar kyanda. Cutar da aka canjawa wuri ta ba da rikitarwa. Bitrus ya yi kama.
Ba da da ewa iyali koma zuwa Urals sake. A wannan lokacin, an sanya ta zuwa birnin Alapaevsk. Yanzu sabuwar gwamnatin Anastasia Petrova ta tsunduma cikin ilimin Bitrus.
Ilimi na Pyotr Tchaikovsky
Duk da cewa Pyotr Ilyich yana sha'awar kiɗa daga ƙuruciya, ya halarci wasan opera da ballet, iyayensa ba su yi la'akari da zaɓin cewa ɗansa zai shiga cikin kerawa ba. Fahimtar cewa a tura ɗan makarantar kiɗa ya kasance daga baya. Iyayensa sun aika shi zuwa Makarantar Shari'a, wanda ke a St. Petersburg. Saboda haka, a cikin 1850, Peter ya koma babban birnin al'adu na Rasha.
Peter ya halarci makarantar har zuwa ƙarshen 1850s. A cikin 'yan shekarun farko, Tchaikovsky ba zai iya daidaita yanayin da ya dace ba. Ya yi kewar gidansa sosai.
A farkon shekarun 1850, Pyotr Ilyich ya bar karatunsa. Sai babban iyali ya sake ƙaura zuwa St. Petersburg. Daga nan sai ya saba da wasan opera na Rasha da kuma ballet.
1854 ya kasance shekara mai wuya ga iyalin Tchaikovsky. Gaskiyar ita ce kwatsam mahaifiyar ta mutu sakamakon cutar kwalara. Shugaban gidan ba shi da wani zabi face ya tura manyan ’ya’ya maza zuwa makarantun da aka rufe. Tare da tagwaye Ilya Tchaikovsky tafi ya zauna tare da ɗan'uwansa.
Bitrus ya ci gaba da yin kida sosai. Ya ɗauki darussan piano daga Rudolf Kündinger. Uban ya kula da Bitrus kuma ya yanke shawarar ɗaukar shi malamin ƙasar waje. Bayan da shugaban iyali ya ƙare kuɗi, Bitrus ya kasa biyan kuɗin karatu.
Ba da da ewa Ilya Tchaikovsky aka miƙa ya zama shugaban Cibiyar Fasaha. Bugu da ƙari, an yi wa mahaifin Peter alkawari mai kyau, an samar wa iyalin gidaje da yawa.
Sai Pyotr Ilyich ya sami aiki ta hanyar sana'a. Ya ba da lokacinsa na kyauta don kiɗa. A farkon shekarun 1860, ya yi tafiya zuwa kasashen waje a karon farko. A can yana kasuwanci, amma hakan bai hana shi sanin al’adu da launi na yankin ba. Abin sha'awa shine, Bitrus ya iya yaren Italiyanci da Faransanci.
Hanyar m na mawaki Pyotr Tchaikovsky
A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, Pyotr Ilyich bai ma yi tunani game da aikin kiɗa ba. Abin mamaki, ya ɗauki kiɗa a matsayin abin sha'awa ga rai. Shugaban iyali, wanda yake kallon ɗansa sosai, ya gane cewa Bitrus yana da sha'awar kiɗa. Kuma ya shawarce shi ya dauki "kawai abin sha'awa" riga a matakin ƙwararru.
Sa’ad da Bitrus ya sami labarin cewa an buɗe ɗakin ajiya a St. Petersburg, wanda Anton Rubinstein zai kula da shi, lamarin ya canja. Ya yanke shawarar cewa yana so ya sami ilimin kiɗa. Ba da daɗewa ba ya bar doka kuma ya yanke shawarar sadaukar da kansa ga kiɗa har tsawon rayuwarsa. Sa'an nan Pyotr Ilyich ba shi da kudi, amma ko da wannan bai hana shi a kan hanyar zuwa mafarki.
Lokacin da yake karatu a ɗakin ajiyar, Pyotr Ilyich ya rubuta cantata "To Joy", wanda a ƙarshe ya zama aikin kammala karatunsa. Abin mamaki shine, abubuwan da Tchaikovsky suka yi sun yi mummunan tasiri fiye da ra'ayi mai kyau a kan mawaƙa na St. Petersburg. Misali, Kaisar Cui ya rubuta:
"A matsayinsa na mawaki, Pyotr Ilyich yana da rauni sosai. Yana da sauƙi mai sauƙi kuma mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ... ".
Pyotr Ilyich bai ji kunyar sukar ba. Ya yi nasarar sauke karatu daga Conservatory na St. Petersburg tare da lambar azurfa. A gare shi, wannan ita ce babbar daraja. A tsakiyar 1860s, mawaki ya koma Moscow (a nace da ɗan'uwansa). Ba jimawa arziki yayi masa murmushi. Ya yi digiri na farko a jami'ar Conservatory.
Kololuwar sana'ar kere kere
Pyotr Ilyich ya koyar na dogon lokaci a Moscow Conservatory. Ya kafa kansa a matsayin ƙwararren malami da jagora. Tchaikovsky ya yi ƙoƙari sosai kuma ya ba da lokaci mai yawa don tsara tsarin ilimi mai dacewa. A lokacin, ba a yi wa ɗalibai sauƙi ba. Ƙananan wallafe-wallafen kimiyya sun yi wa kansu ji. Pyotr Ilyich ya ɗauki fassarar littattafan karatu na ƙasashen waje. Bugu da ƙari, ya ƙirƙira kayan koyarwa da yawa.
A cikin marigayi 1870s Tchaikovsky yanke shawarar barin matsayinsa a matsayin farfesa a Conservatory. Ya so ya ba da ƙarin lokaci don yin waƙa. Wurin Pyotr Ilyich ya ɗauki ɗalibin da ya fi so da kuma "hannun dama" Sergei Taneyev. Ya zama dalibi mafi ƙaunataccen Tchaikovsky.
Rayuwar Tchaikovsky ta kasance ta wurin ubangidansa Nadezhda von Meck. Ta kasance gwauruwa mai arziƙi kuma kowace shekara tana biyan mawaƙin tallafin 6 rubles.
Yunkurin Tchaikovsky zuwa babban birnin ba shakka ya amfana da mawakin. A wannan lokacin ne sana'arsa ta kere-kere ta bunƙasa. Sannan ya gana da mambobin kungiyar mawakan "Mabuwayi Hannu", inda masu hazaka suka yi musayar abubuwan da suka faru. A ƙarshen 1860s, ya rubuta wani fantasy overture bisa aikin Shakespeare.
A farkon 1870s, daya daga cikin mafi mashahuri abun da ke ciki ya fito daga alkalami na Pyotr Ilyich. Muna magana ne game da halittar "The Storm". A wannan lokacin ya dade yana kasar waje. A waje, ya sami kwarewa. Waɗancan motsin zuciyar da ya fuskanta a ƙasashen waje sun kafa tushen abubuwan da suka biyo baya.
A cikin 1870s, mafi abin tunawa qagaggun sanannen maestro fito, misali, "Swan Lake". Bayan haka, Tchaikovsky ya fara tafiya duniya har ma fiye. Bugu da ƙari, ya faranta wa masu sha'awar kiɗa na gargajiya farin ciki tare da sababbin abubuwan da aka dade ana so.
Pyotr Ilyich ya shafe shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa a ƙaramin garin Klin na lardin. A cikin wannan lokaci, ya amince da bude makarantar sakandare a cikin mazauni.
Shahararren mawakin ya mutu a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 1893. Pyotr Ilyich ya mutu sakamakon cutar kwalara.
Abubuwan ban sha'awa game da mawaki Pyotr Tchaikovsky
- Ya shirya wasan opera tare da Anton Chekhov.
- A lokacinsa na kyauta, Peter yayi aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida.
- Da zarar ya shiga kashe gobara.
- A daya daga cikin gidajen cin abinci, mawakin ya ba da umarnin gilashin ruwa. Hakan ya nuna ba a tafasa ta ba. Daga baya sai ya zama cewa ya kamu da cutar kwalara.
- Ba ya ƙaunar waɗanda ba sa ƙaunar ƙasarsa.
Details na sirri rayuwa Pyotr Tchaikovsky
A yawancin hotunan da aka adana, an kama Pyotr Tchaikovsky a cikin rukunin maza. Masana har yanzu suna yin hasashe game da daidaitawar shahararren mawaki. Masu nazarin tarihin rayuwa sun nuna cewa mai yin waƙar zai iya jin daɗin Yusuf Kotek da Vladimir Davydov.
Ba a san tabbas ko Pyotr Ilyich ɗan luwaɗi ne ba. Mawaƙin kuma yana da hotuna tare da mafi kyawun jima'i. Masana tarihin rayuwa sun tabbata cewa wannan karkatacciya ce kawai da marubucin ya yi amfani da shi don karkatar da hankali daga ainihin hanyarsa.
Ya so ya auri Artaud Desiree. Matar ta ki amincewa da mawakin, ta fi son Marian Padilla y Ramos. A cikin marigayi 1880s Antonina Milyukova zama hukuma matar Bitrus. Matar ta fi saurayin girma. Wannan auren ya dau makonni kadan. Antonina da Peter kusan ba su zauna tare ba, ko da yake ba su taba shigar da karar kisan aure a hukumance ba.
