Antonín Dvořák yana ɗaya daga cikin mawaƙan Czech masu haske waɗanda suka yi aiki a cikin salon soyayya. A cikin ayyukansa, da basira ya yi nasarar haɗa leitmotifs waɗanda aka fi sani da gargajiya, da kuma abubuwan gargajiya na kiɗan ƙasa. Ba a iyakance shi ga nau'i ɗaya ba, kuma ya fi son yin gwaji akai-akai tare da kiɗa.
Yarantaka
An haifi fitaccen mawaki a ranar 8 ga Satumba, 1841 a wani kauye na lardin, wanda ke kusa da gidan sarauta na Nelahozeves. Duk iyayen biyun Czech ne. Sun daraja al'adun kasarsu.
Shugaban iyali ya ajiye ƙaramin gidan abinci, kuma, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, yana aiki a matsayin mahauci. Abin lura ne cewa hakan bai hana shi koyon yadda ake kida da kida da yawa ba. Daga baya, ya kuma gabatar da ɗansa a cikin kiɗa.
Antonin ya girma a matsayin yaro mai biyayya kuma mai hankali. Ya kasance yana ƙoƙari ya taimaka wa iyayensa wajen bunkasa kasuwancin iyali. Duk da haka, ransa ya karkata ga kiɗa. Lokacin da yaron ya tafi aji 1, iyayensa kuma sun ba da gudummawar cewa ya kware a fannin ilimin kiɗa.
Josef Spitz ne ya kula da ilimin kiɗan Antonin. Shekaru kaɗan ne kawai yaron ya isa ya mallaki violin. Daga baya, zai faranta wa maziyartan masaukin mahaifinsa farin ciki da wasan kwaikwayonsa na fasaha. Wani lokaci yakan shiga cikin shirya bukukuwan coci na biki.
Matasan Maestro Antonín Dvořák
Bayan ya bar makaranta, an aika shi zuwa garin Zlonitsy. Shugaban gidan ya so dansa ya bi sawun sa, kuma ya umarce shi da ya koyi sana’ar mahauci. A lokacin karatunsa, Antonin ya zauna tare da kawunsa. Ya tura yaron makaranta, inda ya koyi Jamusanci. Dvorak ya yi sa'a domin Kantor Antonin Leman ya zama malamin ajinsa. Da ƙwararriyar kyan gani, ya yaba wa yaron, sannan ya koya masa yin wasan organ da piano.
Bai ja da baya daga waka da karatu ba. Ba da daɗewa ba ya sami damar samun takarda don yin aiki a matsayin koyo. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa a wannan lokacin dukan iyalin sun koma zama na dindindin a Zlonitsy. Antonin da kansa an tura shi don ci gaba da karatunsa a Kamenets. Bayan haka, sa'a ta yi masa murmushi. Ya zama dalibi na makarantar organ a Prague.
Ba da da ewa ya sami matsayi a matsayin organist a cikin coci. Sabon aikin ya zaburar da shi don nazarin ayyukan mashahuran mawaƙa. A lokaci guda kuma ra'ayin ya zo masa cewa shi da kansa zai iya bunkasa basirar mawaki a cikin kansa.
Hanyar kirkira da kiɗan mawaki Antonín Dvořák
Bayan karatu a wani ilimi ma'aikata, ya yanke shawarar kada ya bar Prague. Ya dauki matsayi na violist a cikin Karel Komzak Chapel, da kuma bayan shekaru 10 - wani mawaki a cikin kungiyar makada na "Provisional Theater". Ya sami karramawa na gabatar wa jama'a ɗimbin kyakyawan ƙira na Liszt, Wagner, Berlioz da Glinka.
Ba da da ewa ya zama mai sha'awar ƙirƙirar wasan opera, don haka ya yi murabus daga wasan kwaikwayo. Ya ba da lokaci mai yawa don ƙirƙirar aikin "Sarki da Ma'adinan Coal". An gabatar da wasan opera a 1874.
Jama'a sun karbe aikin mawaƙin novice. Shaharar da aka dade ana jira ta fada kan Antonin. A kan guguwar nasara, yana gabatar da wasu raye-raye masu yawa daidai gwargwado. Muna magana ne game da abun da ke ciki: "Wanda", "Stubborn", "Baƙaƙen wayo".
An maye gurbin tashin hankali ta hanyar melancholy. Akwai lokacin da Dvorak bai kai ga kerawa ba. Gaskiyar ita ce, yara uku sun mutu a cikin wannan lokacin. Ya zuba duk wani bala'in da ke faruwa a cikin abubuwan da ya rubuta. Sun cika da daci da bakin ciki.
Shahararriyar mawakiyar Antonin Dvořák
Sai kawai a 1878 ya sami damar jimre da babban hasara. Matarsa ta ba shi ɗa. Godiya ga wannan taron ne Dvorak ya sami damar kunnawa tare da canza hanyar ƙirƙirar sabbin ayyuka.
A wannan lokacin, ɗaya daga cikin mawallafin kiɗan ya ba da umarnin tarin wasan kwaikwayo "Rawan Slavic" daga mawaƙin. Bayan buga aikin, masu sukar kiɗa a zahiri sun ba maestro yabo. Magoya bayan sun sayi kidan takarda, kuma sabbin umarni sun fito daga mawallafin.
Ya kasance a kololuwar shahararsa. Jaridu sun yi rubuce-rubuce game da shi, wanda ya ba da gudummawar cewa wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya gudana a cikin wannan lokaci, an gudanar da shi a cikin cikakken ɗakin. Ba su so su bar Antonin ya bar mataki.
A lokaci guda kuma, an zabe shi mamba na kungiyar Tattaunawar Masu sana'a. Ba da daɗewa ba ya jagoranci jagorancin wannan ƙungiyar. Maestro ya fara aiki a matsayin alkali a gasannin kida masu daraja. A wannan lokacin, kusan babu wani wasan kide-kide da zai iya yin ba tare da aiwatar da hazikan ayyukansa ba. An yaba musu. An yi masa tsafi.
A cikin 1901, wani muhimmin lamari ya faru. Maestro ya gabatar da opera "Mermaid" ga magoya bayan aikinsa. Har zuwa yau, ana ɗaukar wannan aikin kusan mafi mahimmanci kadari na mawaki.
A cikin wannan lokaci, lafiyar mawaƙin ya fara tabarbarewa. Ya kasa mai da hankali kan tsara abubuwan ƙira. Aikin karshe na Antonin shine Armida.
Cikakkun bayanai na rayuwar mawaƙin na sirri
A 1873, mawaki ya halatta dangantaka da wata mace mai suna Anna Chermakova. Ta na da kyakkyawan zuriya. Anna 'yar wani mai kayan ado ne mai daraja.
Rayuwar sirri ta maestro ta yi nasara sosai. Iyakar abin da aka faɗa shi ne cewa Antonin ba zai iya inganta yanayin kuɗinsa na dogon lokaci ba. An haifi yara da sauri a cikin iyali, kuma, ba shakka, kashe kudi ya karu tare da wannan.
Lokacin da dangi ya lalace kusan, an tilasta maestro ya nemi tallafin karatu don masu fasaha masu karamin karfi. Daga baya, an kira shi zuwa wata hukumar gwamnati, inda ya tabbatar da ayyukansa na kirkire-kirkire, ya buga wakoki da dama.
A ƙarshe, an ba shi taimako, kuma ya zama mai amfani sosai, tun da yara suna mutuwa daya bayan daya a cikin wannan lokaci. Abin farin ciki, bayan lokaci, yanayin kuɗi na iyali ya inganta, kuma za su iya samun rayuwa ta al'ada.
Abubuwan ban sha'awa game da maestro
- Ya kasance mai tawali'u da takawa. Ya samu nutsuwa ta tafiya cikin yanayi. Kyawawan wurare sun zaburar da maestro don tsara sabbin ayyuka.
- Dvořák shine sunan da aka fi sani a Jamhuriyar Czech.
- Akwai gidan kayan gargajiya a Prague da aka keɓe don ƙwararren mawaki.
- Ya kasance mai himma sosai a cikin aikinsa. Misali, wasan opera The King da Coal Miner, ya sake yin sau da yawa.
- "Sarki da Collier" an yi shi sau da yawa a cikin gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na Prague, amma a wasu gidajen wasan kwaikwayo ba a taba faruwa ba.
Shekarun ƙarshe na rayuwar Antonín Dvořák
Ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1904. Mutuwa ta sami maestro saboda zubar jini a kwakwalwa. An binne gawar mawakin a Prague. Al'adun gargajiya na Antonin ba ya ba jama'a damar manta da babban maestro. A yau, ayyukansa na dawwama ba kawai a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo ba, har ma a cikin fina-finai na zamani.
