Fitaccen mawaki kuma madugu Antonio Salieri ya rubuta fiye da operas 40 da adadi mai yawa na murya da kayan kida. Ya rubuta waƙoƙin kiɗa a cikin harsuna uku.
Zarge-zargen cewa yana da hannu a kisan Mozart ya zama la'ana ta gaske ga maestro. Bai yarda da laifinsa ba, ya yi imani cewa wannan ba komai ba ne illa ƙirƙirar mutanensa masu hassada. Yayin da yake cikin asibitin masu tabin hankali, Antonio ya kira kansa mai kisa. Komai ya faru a cikin hayyacinsa, don haka yawancin masu tarihin rayuwa sun yi imanin cewa Salieri ba ya da hannu a cikin kisan.
Yarinta da matasa na mawaki Antonio Salieri
An haifi maestro a ranar 18 ga Agusta, 1750 a cikin babban iyali na mai arziki. Tun yana ƙarami, ya nuna sha’awar kiɗa. Jagoran farko na Salieri shine ɗan'uwansa Francesco, wanda ya ɗauki darussan kiɗa daga Giuseppe Tartini. Tun yana yaro, ya ƙware violin da gabobi.
A 1763, an bar Antonio maraya. Yaron ya damu matuka game da mutuwar iyayensa. Abokan mahaifinsa sun dauki nauyin kula da yaron - dangin Mocenigo daga Venice. Iyalin da aka yi reno sun rayu sosai, don haka za su iya ba Antonio damar rayuwa mai daɗi. Iyalin Mocenigo sun ba da gudummawa ga ilimin kiɗa na Salieri.
A 1766, kotu mawaki na Joseph II Florian Leopold Gassmann kusantar da hankali ga talented matasa mawaki. Ya ziyarci Venice da gangan kuma ya yanke shawarar daukar matashin mai basira tare da shi zuwa Vienna.
An makala shi a matsayin mawaƙi a cikin bangon gidan wasan opera na kotu. Gassman ba wai kawai ya tsunduma cikin ilimin kida na gundumarsa ba, har ma ya tsunduma cikin ci gabansa. Waɗanda ya kamata su saba da Salieri sun lura cewa ya ba da ra'ayi na mutum mai hankali sosai.
Gassman ya kawo Antonio cikin da'irar fitattu. Ya gabatar da shi ga shahararren mawaki Pietro Metastasio da Gluck. Sabbin abokai sun zurfafa ilimin Salieri, wanda hakan ya sa ya kai wani matsayi wajen gina sana’ar waka.
Bayan mutuwar Gassmann ba zato ba tsammani, ɗalibinsa ya ɗauki matsayin mawaƙin kotu kuma mawallafin Opera na Italiyanci. Bayan shekara guda kawai, sai aka nada shi shugaban makada na kotu. Sa'an nan kuma an dauki wannan matsayi a matsayin mafi daraja da kuma biyan kuɗi mai yawa a tsakanin masu kirkira. A Turai, ana magana da Salieri a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun mawaƙa da jagora.
Hanyar kirkira ta mawaki Antonio Salieri
Ba da da ewa maestro ya gabatar da m opera "Mata ilimi" ga magoya na aikinsa. An kafa shi a Vienna a cikin 1770. Jama'a sun karbe shi da kyau. Salieri ya fadi cikin farin jini. liyafar da aka yi da kyau ta zaburar da mawaƙin don shirya wasan operas: Armida, Baje kolin Venetian, Tub ɗin Sata, Mai Innkeeper.
Armida ita ce wasan opera ta farko da Antonio ya yi nasara wajen fahimtar manyan ra'ayoyin na gyaran opera na Christoph Gluck. Ya ga Salieri a matsayin magajinsa kuma yana da babban bege a gare shi.
Ba da da ewa ba maestro ya sami umarni don ƙirƙirar rakiyar kiɗa don buɗe gidan wasan kwaikwayo na La Scala. Mawaƙin ya bi wannan bukata, kuma nan da nan ya gabatar da opera Gane Turai. A shekara mai zuwa, wanda gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Venetian ya ba da izini na musamman, mawallafin ya gabatar da daya daga cikin mafi kyawun ayyuka. Muna magana ne game da opera buffa "School of Kishi".
A cikin 1776, an san cewa Yusufu ya rufe Opera na Italiyanci. Kuma ya dauki nauyin wasan opera na Jamus (Singspiel). An dawo da wasan opera na Italiya ne kawai bayan shekaru 6.
Ga Salieri, waɗannan shekarun sun kasance azabtarwa. Dole ne maestro ya bar "yankin ta'aziyya". Amma akwai fa'ida a cikin wannan - ayyukan kirkirar mawaki ya wuce Vienna. Ya ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga haɓaka irin wannan nau'in kamar singspiel. A wannan lokacin, Antonio ya rubuta sanannen yanki na kiɗan "The Chimney Sweep".
Singspiel nau'in kida ne da ban mamaki wanda ya yadu a Jamus da Ostiriya a rabin na biyu na karni na XNUMX da kuma farkon karni na XNUMX.
A wannan lokacin, al'ummar al'adu sun yi sha'awar abubuwan da Gluck ya yi. Ya yi imani cewa Salieri magaji ne mai cancanta. Gluck ya ba da shawarar Antonio ga gudanarwar gidan wasan opera La Scala. Bayan ƴan shekaru, ya ba Salieri oda daga Cibiyar Kiɗa ta Sarauta ta Faransa don wasan opera Danaids. Da farko Gluck ya kamata ya rubuta opera, amma saboda dalilai na kiwon lafiya ya kasa yin ta. A cikin 1784, Antonio ya gabatar da aikin ga al'ummar Faransanci, ya zama wanda aka fi so na Marie Antoinette.
salon kiɗa
Danaids ba kwaikwayon Gluck bane. Salieri ya sami nasarar ƙirƙirar salon kiɗan kansa, wanda ya dogara da bambance-bambance. A lokacin, al'umma ba su san wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya mai irin wannan ba.
A cikin opera da aka gabatar da kuma a cikin ayyukan da Antonio Salieri ya yi, masu sukar fasaha sun lura da tunani mai zurfi. Ya halicci gaba ɗaya ba daga ɓarke da yawa ba, amma daga haɓakar dabi'a na abu.
A cikin 1786, a babban birnin Faransa, maestro ya fara sadarwa tare da Beaumarchais. Ya raba wa Salieri iliminsa da basirarsa. Sakamakon wannan abotar wani ƙwararren opera ne na Salieri. Muna magana ne game da sanannen aikin kida "Tarar". An gabatar da wasan opera a Royal Academy of Music a 1787. Nunin ya haifar da tashin hankali. Antonio ya kasance a kololuwar shahara.
A cikin 1788, Emperor Joseph ya aika Kapellmeister Giuseppe Bonno zuwa hutun da ya cancanta. Antonio Salieri ya karbi mukaminsa. Yusufu ya kasance mai sha'awar aikin mawaƙa, don haka ana sa ran naɗinsa a matsayin.
Lokacin da Yusufu ya mutu, Leopold II ya maye gurbinsa, ya kiyaye tawagar a tsayin hannu. Leopold bai amince da kowa ba kuma ya yi imani cewa mutane masu ban tsoro sun kewaye shi. Wannan ya shafi aikin Salieri mara kyau. An hana mawaƙa kusa da sabon sarki. Ba da daɗewa ba Leopold ya kori darektan gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kotun, Count Rosenberg-Orsini. Salieri ya sa ran zai samu irin wannan. Sarkin ya saki Antonio kawai daga aikin bandmaster na Italiyanci opera.
Bayan mutuwar Leopold, magajinsa - Franz ya ɗauki kursiyin. Ya ma kasa sha’awar waka. Amma duk da haka yana bukatar sabis na Antonio. Salieri ya kasance mai shirya bukukuwa da bukukuwan kotu.
Shekarun Maestro Antonio Salieri
Antonio a cikin ƙuruciyarsa ya ba da kansa ga kerawa. A 1804, ya gabatar da m aikin The Negroes, wanda ya samu korau reviews daga masu sukar. Salon singspiel shima yayi kyau ga jama'a. Yanzu ya kara shiga harkar zamantakewa da ilimi.
Daga 1777 zuwa 1819 Salieri shi ne shugaba na dindindin. Kuma tun 1788 ya zama shugaban Vienna Musical Society. Babban burin al'umma shi ne gudanar da kide-kide na sadaka ga mata da marayu na mawakan Viennese. Wadannan kide-kide sun cika da alheri da jinkai. Shahararrun mawaƙa sun faranta wa masu sauraro farin ciki tare da wasan kwaikwayon sabbin abubuwan ƙira. Bugu da kari, ana yawan jin ayyukan magabatan Salieri a wajen wasannin sadaka.
Antonio ya taka rawar gani a cikin abin da ake kira "makarantar". Irin wannan wasan kwaikwayon an sadaukar da shi ga wani takamaiman mawaƙi. Antonio ya shiga cikin "makarantar" a matsayin mai shiryawa da jagora.
Tun 1813, maestro ya kasance memba na kwamitin kungiyar na Vienna Conservatory. Bayan shekaru hudu, ya jagoranci kungiyar da ke wakilta.
Shekarun ƙarshe na rayuwar marubucin sun cika da gogewa da bacin rai. Gaskiyar ita ce, an zarge shi da kashe Mozart. Ya musanta laifinsa kuma ya ce ba shi da alaka da mutuwar shahararren mawakin. Salieri ya bukaci dalibinsa Ignaz Moscheles ya tabbatar wa duniya baki daya cewa ba shi da laifi.
Halin Antonio ya tsananta bayan ya yi ƙoƙarin kashe kansa. Suka kai shi asibiti. An ce a wata cibiyar kiwon lafiya ya yi furuci da kisan gillar Mozart. Wannan jita-jita ba almara ba ce, an kama ta a cikin litattafan rubutu na Beethoven na 1823-1824.
A yau, masana suna shakkar sanin Salieri da amincin bayanan. Bugu da ƙari, an gabatar da sigar cewa yanayin tunanin Antonio ba shine mafi kyau ba. Mafi mahimmanci, ba ikirari ba ne, amma laifin kai game da lalacewar lafiyar kwakwalwa.
Cikakkun bayanai na rayuwar sirri na maestro
Rayuwar sirri ta maestro ta ci gaba cikin nasara. Ya daura aure da Theresia von Helferstorfer. Ma'auratan sun yi aure a shekara ta 1775. Matar ta haifi ‘ya’ya 8.
Matar Salieri ya zama ba kawai mace mai ƙauna ba, amma har ma aboki mafi kyau da muse. Ya bauta wa Thearesia. Antonio ya bar ’ya’yansa hudu da matarsa. Asarar mutum ya shafi yanayin tunaninsa.
Abubuwa masu ban sha'awa game da Antonio Salieri
- Ya fi son kayan zaki da kayan fulawa. Antonio ya riƙe butulci na yara har zuwa ƙarshen kwanakinsa. Wataƙila shi ya sa ba wanda zai yarda cewa yana da ikon yin kisan kai.
- Godiya ga aiki tuƙuru da ayyukan yau da kullun, maestro ya kasance mai amfani.
- Suka ce Salieri yayi nisa da hassada. Ya taimaka wa matasa da masu hazaka su inganta iliminsu da samun mukamai masu kyau.
- Ya ba da lokaci mai yawa don yin sadaka.
- Bayan Pushkin ya rubuta aikin "Mozart da Salieri", duniya ta fara zargin Antonio kisan kai tare da amincewa mafi girma.
Mutuwar mawaki
Shahararren maestro ya mutu a ranar 7 ga Mayu, 1825. An yi jana'izar ne a ranar 10 ga watan Mayu a makabartar Katolika ta Matzleindorf da ke Vienna. A shekara ta 1874, an sake binne gawar mawakin a makabartar Vienna ta tsakiya.
