Duke Ellington mutum ne na al'ada na karni na XNUMX. Mawaƙin jazz, mai shiryawa da ƙwararrun piano sun ba wa duniyar kiɗan hits da yawa marasa mutuwa.
Ellington ya tabbata cewa kiɗa shine abin da ke taimakawa don kawar da hankali daga tashin hankali da mummunan yanayi. Kiɗa na farin ciki, musamman jazz, yana inganta yanayi mafi kyau duka. Ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa abubuwan da Duke Ellington ya yi sun shahara a yau.
Yara da matasa na Edward Kennedy
Edward Kennedy (ainihin suna na singer) an haife shi a tsakiyar Amurka ta Amurka - Washington. Wannan taron ya faru ne a ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 1899. Edward ya yi sa'a domin an haife shi a cikin dangin mai kula da fadar White House James Edward Ellington da matarsa Daisy Kennedy Ellington. Godiya ga matsayin mahaifinsa, yaron ya girma a cikin iyali mai arziki. An tsare shi daga duk matsalolin da ke tare da baƙar fata a lokacin.
Yayinda yake yaro, mahaifiyar ta ci gaba da bunkasa danta. Ta koya masa buga madannai, wanda hakan ya taimaka wa Edward son waƙa. Yana da shekaru 9, Kennedy Jr. ya fara karatu tare da wanda ya kammala karatun digiri.
Ba da daɗewa ba mutumin ya fara rubuta nasa ayyukan. A 1914 ya rubuta abun da ke ciki Soda Fontaine Rag. Ko da a lokacin yana yiwuwa a lura cewa kiɗan rawa ba baƙon abu bane ga Edward.
Sai makarantar fasaha ta musamman ta jira shi. Edward ya tuna da wannan lokacin - yana son yanayin kirkire-kirkire a cikin aji. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya sami aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane.
Aiki na farko ya kawo wa mutumin kuɗi mai kyau, amma babban abu shi ne cewa yana son tsarin ƙirƙirar fosta. Edward Kennedy an aminta da shi akai-akai tare da umarni daga gwamnatin jihar. Amma ba da daɗewa ba ya gane cewa kiɗan ya fi sha'awar shi. A sakamakon yawan shawarwari, Edward ya watsar da fasaha, har ma ya ƙi wani matsayi a Cibiyar Pratt.
Tun 1917, Edward ya shiga cikin duniyar kiɗa. Kennedy ya yi rayuwa yana wasa da piano yayin da yake koyon ƙwarewar ƙwarewa daga ƙwararrun mawakan birni.
Hanyar kirkira ta Duke Ellington
Tuni a cikin 1919, Edward ya ƙirƙiri ƙungiyar kiɗan sa ta farko. Baya ga Kennedy, sabuwar ƙungiyar ta haɗa da:
- saxophonist Otto Hardwick;
- mai yin ganga Sonny Greer;
- Arthur Watsol.
Ba da daɗewa ba arziki ya yi murmushi ga matasan mawaƙa. Mai gidan mashaya New York ne ya ji aikinsu, wanda ya zo babban birnin don kasuwanci. Ya kadu da yadda kungiyar ta taka. Bayan wasan kwaikwayo, mai gidan mashaya ya ba wa mutanen su rattaba hannu kan kwangila. Sharuɗɗan kwangilar sun nuna cewa dole ne mawaƙa su yi wasa a mashaya akan wani kuɗi. Tawagar Kennedy ta amince. Ba da daɗewa ba suka yi cikakken ƙarfi a Barron a matsayin quartet na Washingtonians.
A ƙarshe, mun fara magana game da mawaƙa. Yanzu da masu sauraron ƙungiyar suka faɗaɗa, sun fara wasa da sauran wuraren su ma. Misali, kungiyar sau da yawa ta zo "Hollywood Club", dake cikin Times Square. Kusan duk kuɗin da Kennedy ya kashe akan ilimi. Ya ɗauki darussan piano daga gurus na kiɗa na gida.
Matsayi mai juyi a cikin sana'ata
Nasarar da aka samu na quartet ya ba wa mawaƙa damar saduwa da mutane masu tasiri. Jakar Kennedy ta cika da kudade. Yanzu matashin mawakin ya yi ado da kyau da salo. Mambobin ƙungiyar sun ba shi lakabin "Duke" (an fassara shi da "Duke").
A tsakiyar 1920s, Edward ya sadu da Irwin Mills. Daga baya kadan, ya zama manajan mawakin. Irwin ne ya ba da shawarar cewa Kennedy ya canza alkiblarsa kuma ya ɗauki sunan ƙirƙira. Bugu da kari, Mills ya shawarci Edward da ya manta game da sunan "Washingtonians" da kuma yi a karkashin sunan "Duke Ellington and His Orchestra".
A cikin 1927, Kennedy da tawagarsa sun koma kulob din jazz na Cotton Club na New York. Wannan lokacin yana da alaƙa da aiki tuƙuru a kan repertoire na band. Ba da daɗewa ba mawakan suka fitar da waƙoƙin Creole Love Call, Blackand Tan Fantasy da The Mooche.
A ƙarshen 1920s, Duke Ellington da Orchestra nasa sun yi wasan kwaikwayo a Florenz Ziegfeld Musical Theater. Sa'an nan kuma an yi rikodin abubuwan kiɗa na al'ada Mood Indigo a ɗakin rikodin rikodin RCA. Ana yawan jin sauran wakokin kungiyar a gidajen rediyon kasar.
Bayan 'yan shekaru, ƙungiyar ta tafi yawon shakatawa na farko na Ellington Jazz Ensemble. A cikin 1932, Duke da tawagarsa sun yi wasa a Jami'ar Columbia.
Kololuwar Shaharar Duke Ellington
Masu sukar kiɗa sun ɗauki farkon shekarun 1930 kololuwar aikin kiɗan Duke Ellington. A wannan lokacin ne mawakin ya fitar da kade-kaden da ake yi Ba Ma’ana ba da Masoyan Tauraro.
Masu sukar sun ce Duke Ellington ya zama "uba" na nau'in lilo, yana rubuta waƙoƙin Stormy Weather da Sophisticated Lady a 1933. Kennedy ya iya ƙirƙirar sauti na musamman, da sanin halayen mawaƙa. Duke musamman ya ware ɗan wasan saxophonist Johnny Hodges, mai ƙaho Frank Jenkins, da ɗan wasan trombonist Juan Tizol.
A cikin 1933, Duke da tawagarsa sun tafi yawon shakatawa na farko a Turai. Wani lamari ne da ba za a manta da shi ba a rayuwar mawaƙa. Tawagar ta yi wasan ne a shahararren gidan wasan kwaikwayo na London "Palladium".
Bayan yawon shakatawa na Turai, mawaƙa ba za su huta ba. Kasancewar ana maraba da su a kusan duk kasashen Turai ne ya sa a ci gaba da wannan rangadi.
A wannan karon sun yi wasan ne a Kudu da Arewacin Amurka. A ƙarshen yawon shakatawa, Ellington ya gabatar da waƙar, wanda ya zama abin bugawa nan take. Muna magana ne game da abubuwan kiɗan Caravan. Bayan fitowar waƙar, Duke ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka.
Rikicin ƙirƙira
Ba da daɗewa ba, Duke ya sami bala'i na sirri. Gaskiyar ita ce, a cikin 1935 mahaifiyarsa ta rasu. Mawakin ya baci matuka da rashin na kusa da shi. Bakin ciki ya lullube shi. "Zamanin" na abin da ake kira rikici ya zo.
Kiɗa ne kawai zai iya dawo da Kennedy zuwa rayuwa ta al'ada. Mawaƙin ya rubuta abin da ya rubuta Reminisсing a cikin Tempo, wanda ya bambanta sosai da duk abin da ya rubuta a baya.
A cikin 1936, Duke ya fara rubuta maki na kiɗa don fim. Ya rubuta waƙar don fim ɗin da Sam Wood ya jagoranta tare da ƴan wasan barkwanci na Marx Brothers. Bayan 'yan shekaru, ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin jagoran ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra, wanda ya yi a otal ɗin St. Regis.
A cikin 1939, sabbin mawaƙa sun shiga ƙungiyar Duke Ellington. Muna magana ne game da ɗan wasan saxophonist Ben Webster da bassist biyu Jimm Blanton. Zuwan mawakan kawai ya inganta sautin abubuwan da aka tsara. Wannan ya zaburar da Duke don tafiya wani yawon shakatawa na Turai. Ba da daɗewa ba, an gane basira da waƙoƙin Kennedy a matsayi mafi girma. Leopold Stokowski da mawaƙin Rasha Igor Stravinsky sun yaba da ƙoƙarin Duke.
Ayyukan Duke Ellington a lokacin yakin
Sa'an nan mawaƙin ya rubuta abubuwan da aka tsara don fim ɗin "Cbin in the Clouds". A cikin 1942, Duke Ellington ya tara cikakken ɗakin taro a Hall Carnegie. Ya ba da duk kuɗin da ya samu daga wasan kwaikwayon don tallafawa USSR a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.
Yayin da yakin duniya na biyu ya ƙare, sha'awar mutane ga kiɗa, musamman jazz, ya fara raguwa. Mutane sun nutse cikin bacin rai, kuma, ba shakka, abin da ya dame su shi ne yanayin kuɗinsu.
Duke da tawagarsa sun yi ta shawagi na ɗan lokaci. Amma sai yanayin kudi na Kennedy ya tsananta, kuma ya kasa biyan kuɗin wasan kwaikwayo na mawaƙa. Tawagar ta daina wanzuwa. Ellington ya sami kansa ƙarin kudin shiga. Ya fara rubuta kiɗa don fina-finai.
Duk da haka, mawakin bai daina begen komawa jazz ba. Kuma ya yi shi a cikin 1956, mai ban mamaki da ban mamaki. Mawakin ya yi wasan kwaikwayo a bikin nau'in a Newport. Tare da taimakon mai shirya William Strayhorn da sababbin ƴan wasan kwaikwayo, Ellington ya faranta wa masu son kiɗan rai tare da irin waɗannan abubuwan kamar Lady Mac da Half the Fun. Abin sha'awa, waƙoƙin sun dogara ne akan ayyukan Shakespeare.
Amma shekarun 1960 sun buɗe sabon numfashi ga mawaƙin. Wannan lokacin shine kololuwar farin jini na biyu a cikin aikin Duke. An ba wa mawakin lambar yabo ta Grammy 11 a jere.
A ƙarshen 1960s, an ba Ellington lambar yabo ta 'Yanci. Shugaban kasar Amurka Richard Nixon ne ya bayar da kyautar ga mawakin. Shekaru uku bayan haka, sabon shugaban Amurka, Lyndon Johnson ya ba Duke lambar yabo.
Duke Ellington: na sirri rayuwa
Duke ya yi aure yana da shekara 19. Matar farko ta mawakiyar ita ce Edna Thompson. Abin mamaki shi ne, Ellington ya yi aure tare da wannan matar har zuwa ƙarshen kwanakinsa. Ma'auratan suna da ɗa, Mercer, wanda aka haifa a 1919.
Mutuwar Duke Ellington
Mawakin ya fara jin rashin lafiya lokacin da yake aikin waƙa don yin fim ɗin Mind Exchange. Alamun farko ba su haifar da Duke wani damuwa mai tsanani ba.
A shekara ta 1973, mashahuran mutane sun yi bincike mai ban sha'awa - ciwon huhu. Bayan shekara guda, Duke ya kamu da ciwon huhu, kuma yanayinsa ya tsananta sosai.
A ranar 24 ga Mayu, 1974, Duke Ellington ya mutu. An binne shahararren mawakin bayan kwanaki uku a makabarta mafi tsufa a New York, Woodlawn, dake Bronx.
An ba Jazzman lambar yabo ta Pulitzer bayan mutuwa. A shekarar 1976 aka kafa Cibiyar mai suna bayansa. A cikin dakin kuna iya ganin hotunan mawaƙin da yawa.
