Gustav Mahler mawaki ne, mawaƙin opera, madugu. A lokacin rayuwarsa, ya sami damar zama daya daga cikin mafi hazaka madugu a duniya. Ya kasance wakilin wadanda ake kira "post-Wagner five". An gane baiwar Mahler a matsayin mawaki bayan mutuwar maestro.
Gadon Mahler ba mai wadata ba ne, kuma ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi da kade-kade. Duk da haka, a yau Gustav Mahler yana cikin jerin mawakan da suka fi yin waƙa a duniya. Daraktocin fina-finai ba su damu da aikin maestro ba. Ana iya jin ayyukansa a fina-finai na zamani da jerin shirye-shirye.
Ayyukan Gustav wata gada ce da ta haɗu da romanticism na karni na XNUMX da kuma zamani na XNUMXth. Ayyukan maestro sun yi wahayi zuwa ga ƙwararrun Benjamin Britten da Dmitri Shostakovich.
Yarantaka da kuruciya
Maigidan dan Bohemia ne. An haife shi a shekara ta 1860. Gustav ya girma a cikin dangin Yahudawa. Iyaye sun yi renon yara 8. Iyalin sun yi rayuwa a cikin yanayi mai sauƙi. Iyaye ba su da wata alaƙa da kerawa.
Gustav ya ɗan bambanta da yaran zamaninsa. Ya kasance a rufe. Lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 4, dangin sun ƙaura zuwa garin Jihlava (gabashin Jamhuriyar Czech). Jamusawa ne suka mamaye birnin. Anan aka fara cika shi da sautin bandejin tagulla. Iyaye sun gane cewa ɗansu yana da kunne mai kyau bayan ya sake fitar da waƙar da aka ji a gidan wasan opera.
Ba da daɗewa ba ya ƙware wajen buga piano. Sa’ad da iyayen suka gane cewa Gustav zai iya shiga cikin mutane, sai suka ɗauke shi malamin kiɗa. Yana da shekaru goma, ya rubuta aikinsa na farko. Sa'an nan kuma ya fara yi a kan babban mataki: an gayyace shi don shiga cikin bikin biki na birni.
A cikin 1874, sun fara magana game da shi a matsayin mawaƙin gaske mai ban sha'awa. Gustav, wanda mutuwar ɗan'uwansa ya buge shi, ya shirya wasan opera. Kash, rubutun bai tsira ba.
Ya yi karatu a gymnasium. A cikin makarantar ilimi, Mahler ya yi karatun kiɗa da wallafe-wallafe kawai, tun da babu abin da ya sha'awar shi. A lokacin, mahaifin mutumin ya daina ganinsa a matsayin mawaki kuma mawaki. Ya so ya canza shi zuwa wata sana'a mai mahimmanci. Shugaban iyali ya yi ƙoƙari ya canja dansa zuwa dakin motsa jiki na Prague, amma ƙoƙarinsa ya kasance.
Sai uban ya kara dagewa. Da nufin Gustav ya kai shi Vienna. Shugaban iyali ya mika dansa karkashin kulawar Julius Epstein. Ya lura da babban matakin ƙwararru na Mahler. Julius ya shawarci Gustav ya shiga cikin Conservatory Vienna. Matashin ya yi karatu a karkashin Epstein a cikin aji na piano.
Hanyar kirkira ta mawaki Gustav Mahler
Mahler ya rubuta a ɗaya daga cikin wasiƙunsa zuwa ga abokinsa cewa Vienna ta zama ƙasarsa ta biyu. Anan ya sami nasarar bayyana iyawar sa na kere-kere. A 1881 ya shiga cikin gasar Beethoven na shekara-shekara. A kan mataki, maigidan ya gabatar da aikin kiɗa na "Makoki Song" ga jama'a masu bukata. Ya yi fatan cewa shi ne zai yi nasara. Menene rashin jin daɗin maestro lokacin da nasarar ta tafi ga Robert Fuchs.
Ba kamar yawancin masu kirkira ba, gazawar ba ta sa Gustav ya ɗauki ƙarin mataki ba. Ya fusata sosai har ma ya bar rubuta ayyukan kiɗa na ɗan lokaci. Mawaƙin bai fara kammala wasan opera-tale na farko "Ryubetsal".
Ya ɗauki matsayin madugu a ɗaya daga cikin gidajen wasan kwaikwayo a Ljubljana. Ba da da ewa Gustav samu alkawari a Olmutz. An tilasta masa ya kare ka'idodin Wagnerian na jagorancin ƙungiyar makaɗa. Bugu da ari, aikinsa ya ci gaba a Karl-Theater. A gidan wasan kwaikwayo, ya dauki matsayin choirmaster.
A 1883, maestro ya zama shugaba na biyu na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal. Ya rike wannan mukamin na tsawon shekaru da dama. Sai saurayin ya kamu da soyayya da wata mawakiya mai suna Johanna Richter. Karkashin tunanin wata mace, ya rubuta zagayowar "Wakokin Wandering Apprentice." Masu sukar kiɗa sun haɗa da ayyukan da aka gabatar a cikin jerin mafi yawan ayyukan soyayya na maigidan.
A karshen 80s, dangantaka tsakanin Gustav da gidan wasan kwaikwayo management tabarbarewa. Sakamakon rikice-rikicen da ake yi a kai a kai, an tilasta masa barin aikinsa. Ya koma Prague. Masu sha'awar kiɗan gargajiya sun yi maraba da ƙwararren Mahler. Anan ya fara jin kansa a matsayin madugu da mawaki da ake nema. Ya rabu da jama'ar wurin. Kwantiragin da aka kammala tare da Sabon gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Leipzig na lokacin 1886/1887 ya tilasta masa barin Prague.
Mashahurin mawakin ya kololuwa
Bayan gabatar da opera "Three Pintos", maestro ya fadi cikin shahararrun. Mahler ya kammala wasan opera ta Carl Weber. Aikin ya kasance mai nasara sosai har wasan farko ya kasance nasara a kan mafi kyawun matakan wasan kwaikwayo a Jamus.
A ƙarshen 80s, Gustav bai sami mafi kyawun motsin zuciyarmu ba. Ya fara samun matsala ta fuskar mutum. Yanayin tunanin maestro ya bar abin da ake so. Ya yanke shawarar cewa wannan shine lokaci mafi kyau don tsara kiɗan. A 1888, da farko na farko Symphony ya faru. A yau yana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun abubuwan da Gustav ya yi.
Ya shafe lokutan 2 yana aiki a Leipzig, bayan haka ya bar birnin. Ba ya son barin Leipzig har zuwa ƙarshe. Amma saboda rigimar da ake yi da mataimakin daraktan, ya sa ya bar birnin. Mahler ya zauna a Budapest.
Nasara a aikin Gustav Mahler
An karbe shi da kyau a sabon wurinsa. Ya jagoranci Royal Opera. Gustav ya sami kyakkyawan albashi ta waɗannan ƙa'idodin. Duk da haka, ba za a iya cewa ya rayu da wadata ba. Bayan mutuwar shugaban iyali da mahaifiyarsa, an tilasta masa ya ciyar da 'yar'uwarsa da ɗan'uwansa.
Kafin shiga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal Opera, gidan wasan kwaikwayon yana cikin mummunan yanayi. Gustav ya yi nasarar mayar da wasan opera zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa. Ya kawar da ’yan wasan bako ya kafa nasa makada. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo na Mozart da Wagner. Ba da da ewa, da singer Lilly Leman ya bayyana a cikin tawagar, wanda ya sami matsayi na mafi kyau vocalist a cikin m da'irar. Ta shahara da muryar soprano na musamman.
Bayan 'yan shekaru, maestro ya sami gayyata daga Hamburg. An gayyaci Gustav zuwa mataki na uku mafi muhimmanci na opera na kasar. A sabon wuri, Mahler ya ɗauki matsayi na darekta da kuma bandmaster. Bai yi la'akari da damar yin aiki a wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo mai daraja ba. Akwai dalilai na hakan. Royal Opera yana da sabon shugaban kwata na Zichy. Ba ya son ganin Gustav a shugaban gidan wasan kwaikwayo, tun da mawaƙin ɗan ƙasar Jamus ne.
"Eugene Onegin" ita ce opera ta farko da Gustav ya yi a kan mataki na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Hamburg. Mahler ya kasance mahaukaci game da ayyukan mawaƙin Rasha Tchaikovsky, don haka ya ba da duk abin da farkon wasan opera ya yi tasiri ga masu sauraro. Tchaikovsky ya isa gidan wasan kwaikwayo don ɗaukar matsayin madugu. Lokacin da ya ga Mahler a wurin aiki, ya yanke shawarar ya zauna. Daga baya, Piotr zai kira Gustav mai hazaka na gaske.
A Hamburg, mawallafin ya wallafa tarin The Boy's Magic Horn, bisa ga fitaccen littafin wakoki na mawakan da'irar Heidelberg. An yaba aikin ba kawai ta magoya baya ba, har ma da masu sukar.
Sabon matsayi
An lura da nasarar aikin Mahler a Hamburg har ma a Vienna. Gwamnati ta so ganin maestro a kasarsu. A 1897, Gustav ya yi baftisma zuwa Katolika. A wannan shekarar ya sanya hannu a kwangila tare da Kotun Opera. Ya karbi mukamin madugu na uku.
Bayan wani lokaci Gustav gudanar ya dauki mukamin darektan Opera na Kotun. Shahararriyar Maestro a Vienna ta yi tashin gwauron zabi. A kan kalaman nasara, ya gabatar da Symphony na biyar ga magoya bayan aikinsa. Wannan aikin ya raba al'umma zuwa sansani biyu. Wasu sun yabawa Gustav kan kirkire-kirkire, yayin da wasu suka fito karara sun zargi Mahler da rashin kunya da kuma mummunan dandano. Amma shi kansa maestro ba ya sha'awar ra'ayin mutanen zamaninsa. Ya fitar da wakoki na shida, na bakwai da na takwas.
Bugu da ƙari, Gustav ya kafa sababbin dokoki a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Ba kowa ne ke son sabbin dokokin Mahler ba, amma waɗanda suke so su ci gaba da aiki a Kotun Opera an tilasta musu su karɓi sharuɗɗan. Kuma idan a baya masu sauraro, sun shiga gidan wasan kwaikwayo, sun ji a gida, to, tare da zuwan mulkin Gustav, haramcin shiga gidan wasan kwaikwayon ya fara aiki.
Ya sadaukar da fiye da shekaru 10 na rayuwarsa zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Gustav ya ji rashin lafiya mai ƙarfi, wanda ya haifar da yanayin damuwa na yau da kullum da kuma jadawalin aiki mai nauyi. An tilasta masa barin aikinsa.
Hukumar kula da wasan kwaikwayo ta nada maestro fansho tare da sharadi ɗaya - Mahler kada ya sake yin aiki a cikin kowane ɗayan operas na Austriya. Ya rattaba hannu a kwangila, amma da ya ga albashin da ke jiran sa, sai ya ji takaici. Ya gane cewa har yanzu zai yi aiki, amma ba a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Austrian ba.
Ba da da ewa ya tafi aiki a Metropolitan Opera (New York). A lokaci guda, da farko na aikin "Song na Duniya" da kuma Tara Symphony ya faru. A wannan lokaci, aikinsa ya rinjayi ayyukan marubuta kamar Nietzsche, Schopenhauer da Dostoyevsky.
Details na sirri rayuwa na mawaki Gustav Mahler
Tabbas, maestro ya shahara da mata. Ƙauna ba kawai ta zaburar da shi ba, har ma ta kawo masa baƙin ciki. A 1902, Gustav ya ɗauki wata yarinya mai suna Alma Schindler a matsayin matarsa. Kamar yadda ya faru, tana da shekaru 19 a kan mijinta. Mahler ya gabatar da ita a ranar 4th. Alma ta haifi mijinta namiji da mace.
Rayuwar dangin ma'auratan tayi kama da idyll. Sun yi kyau da juna. Matar ta goyi bayan ƙoƙarin Gustav. Amma ba da daɗewa ba bala'i ya afka wa gidansu. 'Yata ta rasu tana da shekara 4. Dangane da abubuwan da suka faru, lafiyar mawakin ya girgiza sosai. Likitoci sun ce yana da matsalolin zuciya sosai. Sa'an nan ya hada da aikin "Wakoki game da matattu yara."
Rayuwar iyali ta lalace. Alma wacce ta fuskanci daya daga cikin manyan asara a rayuwarta, kwatsam ta gane cewa ta manta kwata-kwata game da hazakar kuruciyarta. Matar ta narke a cikin mijinta kuma ta daina haɓaka gaba ɗaya. Kafin saduwa da Gustav, ta kasance mai zane-zane da ake nema.
Nan da nan Mahler ya sami labarin cewa matarsa ta yi rashin aminci a gare shi. Ta yi mu'amala da wani mai zanen gida. Duk da haka, ma'auratan ba su rabu ba. Sun ci gaba da zama a karkashin rufin asiri daya har zuwa mutuwar maestro.
Abubuwan ban sha'awa game da mawaki
- Ya girma a matsayin yaro rufaffiyar. Wata rana mahaifinsa ya bar shi a cikin daji na 'yan sa'o'i. Da shugaban gidan ya koma wuri guda, sai ya ga dan bai ko canja matsayinsa ba.
- Alma Mahler, bayan mutuwar mijinta, ta yi aure sau biyu - ga m V. Gropius da marubuci F. Werfel.
- Shi ne na biyu a cikin ’ya’ya 14, shida ne kacal a cikinsu za su balaga.
- Mahler yana son doguwar tafiya da yin iyo cikin ruwan ƙanƙara.
- Mawaƙin ya sha wahala daga tashin hankali, shakku da damuwa da mutuwa.
- Beyoncé dangin maigida ne na nesa. Tauraron Amurka yana matukar alfahari da gaskiyar zumunta.
- Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 3 yana da minti 95. Wannan shine yanki mafi tsayi a cikin repertoire na mawaki.
Mutuwar Gustav Mahler
A cikin shekarun ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, mawaƙin ya ji rashin lafiya a zahiri. Ya yi aiki tuƙuru kuma ya fuskanci yanayi da yawa na damuwa waɗanda suka shafi yanayinsa na gaba ɗaya. A cikin 1910, lamarin ya karu gaba daya.
Ya yi fama da ciwon tonsillitis. Duk da haka ya ci gaba da aiki tukuru. Bayan shekara guda, ya tsaya a na'urar wasan bidiyo, yana wasa da shirin da ya ƙunshi abubuwan da shahararrun Italiyanci suka yi.
Ba da daɗewa ba bala'i ya faru. Ya kamu da cututtuka masu yaduwa wanda ya haifar da endocarditis. Rikicin ya kashe wa mawakin rayuwarsa. Ya mutu a wani asibitin Vienna a 1911.
Bikin bankwana ya samu halartar daruruwan magoya baya da masu suka da kuma masu fasaha masu daraja. An binne shi kusa da diyarsa wadda ta rasu tana karama. Jikin Gustav yana kwance a makabartar Grinzing.
Magoya bayan da suke son karanta tarihin Mahler na iya kallon tarihin rayuwar darektan Ken Russell. Robert Powell - ya ba da haske game da halayen halayen da ke cikin maestro.
