Miles Davis - Mayu 26, 1926 (Alton) - Satumba 28, 1991 (Santa Monica)
Mawakin jazz na Amurka, shahararren mai busa ƙaho wanda ya yi tasiri a fasahar ƙarshen 1940s.
Farkon hanyar kirkirar Miles Dewey Davis
Davis ya girma a Gabashin St. Louis, Illinois, inda mahaifinsa ya kasance babban likitan likitan hakori. A cikin shekarun baya, ya kan yi magana game da yadda ya girma.
Masu sukar sun yi imanin cewa ya girma cikin talauci da wahala, tun da irin wannan yanayi ya kasance na al'ada ga yawancin shahararrun masu fasahar jazz. Miles ya fara koyon ƙaho tun yana matashi.
Wasan Davies wani lokaci yakan kasance "mai ban sha'awa" kuma ba koyaushe gaba ɗaya cikin jituwa ba, amma na musamman, sautin muryarsa da ɗimbin hasashe na kiɗan ya zarce gazawarsa na fasaha.
A farkon shekarun 1950, Davis ya mayar da rashin lafiyarsa zuwa ga fa'idodi masu mahimmanci. Maimakon yin koyi da yanayin da ya riga ya kasance, salon kururuwa na shugabannin bebop kamar Gillespie, Davis ya binciki rajista na ƙaho na tsakiya.
Mawallafin ya gwada jituwa da rhythms kuma ya bambanta tsarin ingantawarsa.
Ban da ƴan kaɗan, salon waƙarsa ya kasance mai sauƙi, dangane da bayanan kwata da wadatar legato. Fantas ɗin kiɗan, ɗan lokaci da waƙoƙi a cikin haɓakarsa sun kasance na musamman.
Davis ya yi wasa da makada na jazz a yankin St. Louis sannan ya koma New York a 1944 don yin karatu a Cibiyar Kiɗa ta Kiɗa (yanzu Makarantar Juilliard).
Ko da yake mai busa ƙaho ya rasa azuzuwan da yawa, a maimakon haka an horar da shi kan taron jam'i tare da masanan kamar Dizzy Gillespie da Charlie Parker. Davis da Parker sukan yi rikodin abubuwan haɗin gwiwa tare a 1945-1948.
Cool jazz da modal jazz
A lokacin rani na 1948, Davis ya ƙirƙira babunet, wanda ya haɗa da shahararrun 'yan wasan jazz: Gerry Mulligan, J. Johnson, Kenny Clarke da Lee Konitz, da kuma 'yan wasan ƙaho da tuba (kayan da ba a samo su a cikin mahallin jazz ba).
Mulligan, Gil Evans da ɗan wasan pianist John Lewis sun ba da mafi yawan shirye-shiryen ƙungiyar. Kiɗansu sun haɗu da sassauƙa, yanayin haɓakawa na bebop tare da tsayayyen sautin kaɗe-kaɗe.
Ƙungiyar ba ta daɗe ba, amma a cikin ɗan gajeren tarihinta ya rubuta waƙoƙi goma sha biyu, waɗanda aka fito da su a matsayin marasa aure (1949-1950).
Waɗannan bayanan sun canza salon jazz kuma sun ba da hanya ga salon Kogin Yamma na shekarun 1950. Daga baya aka sake buga wannan salon akan kundin Haihuwar Cool (1957).
Matsalar Lafiya
A farkon shekarun 1950, Davis ya shawo kan jarabar miyagun ƙwayoyi wanda ya shafi wasansa. Amma har yanzu ya sami damar yin rikodin albam waɗanda ke cikin mafi kyawun abubuwan da ya tsara.
Shahararrun Jazz irin su Sonny Rollins, Milt Jackson da Thelonious Monk sun yi aiki tare da shi.
A cikin 1954, bayan ya shawo kan shan muggan ƙwayoyi, Davis ya shiga cikin shekaru biyu lokacin da ake ɗaukarsa a matsayin mawaƙin da ya fi dacewa a jazz.
Sabon lokaci na aikin mai zane
A cikin 1950s, Miles sun kafa ƙananan ƙungiyoyin jazz na gargajiya. Sun ƙunshi tatsuniyoyi na saxophone John Coltrane da Cannonball Adderley, ƴan pianists Red Garland da Bill Evans, bassist Paul Chambers, da kuma masu buga wasan Philly Joe Jones da Jimmy Cobb.
Albums na Davis da aka yi rikodin a wannan lokacin, gami da Around Midnight (1956), Workin (1956), Steamin (1956), Relaxin (1956) da Milestones (1958), sun yi tasiri kan ayyukan sauran mawaƙa da yawa.
Ya ƙare wannan lokacin na aikinsa tare da Kind of Blue (1959), watakila mafi kyawun kundi a tarihin jazz. Kundin mai laushi, tarin baya-baya ya haɗa da mafi kyawun misalan rikodi na salon jazz na modal.
A cikin su, haɓakawa suna dogara ne akan ma'auni na "marasa kyau" da ma'auni marasa daidaituwa, kuma ba akan sarƙaƙƙiya ba, akai-akai masu canzawa.
Wanda ya kafa modal jazz
Miles Davis a cikin shekarun 1950 ya haifar da sabon jagora a cikin kiɗa - modal jazz. Ya yi wannan salon a kan ƙaho, kuma ɗan wasan saxophonist John Coltrane ya zama mai ra'ayinsa a cikin wannan salon.
Salon modal ya dace da solos wanda ya mayar da hankali kan waƙar. Modal jazz yana da modal da haɓakawa kyauta. Ya ba ni damar yin ƙarin gwaji tare da kayan waƙa.
Wannan inganci mai araha ya sanya Album ɗin Irin Blue ya shahara tsakanin masoya jazz.
An sake shi lokaci guda tare da ƙananan rikodi na rukuni, kundin wasan kwaikwayo na Davis (shirya da gudanarwa ta Gil Evans): Miles Ahead (1957), Porgy da Bess (1958) da Essays on Spain (1960) kuma an yi su a cikin salon jazz na modal.
Haɗin gwiwar da ke tsakanin Davis da Evans an yi masa alama ta hadaddun shirye-shirye, kusan daidaiton mayar da hankali kan ƙungiyar makaɗa da soloist, da wasu daga cikin wasannin kwaikwayo na Davis masu ruhi da kuzari.
Davis da Evans lokaci-lokaci suna yin haɗin gwiwa a cikin shekarun su na baya, amma abubuwan da suke samarwa ba su kasance masu shahara da girma ba kamar yadda suke kan waɗannan ƙwararrun kundi guda uku.
Jazz kyauta da fusion
Farkon shekarun 1960 sun kasance tsaka-tsaki, ƙarancin sabbin abubuwa ga Miles, kodayake kiɗan sa da wasansa sun kasance na biyu ba tare da kowa ba.
A karshen 1962, ya fara kafa wani karamin rukuni, wanda ya zama babba.
