Shekarar 2017 tana da muhimmiyar ranar tunawa ga fasahar wasan opera ta duniya - an haifi shahararren mawakiyar Ukrainian Solomiya Krushelnytska shekaru 145 da suka gabata. Muryar da ba za a iya mantawa da ita ba, kewayon kusan octaves uku, babban matakin halayen ƙwararrun mawaƙi, bayyanar matakin haske. Duk wannan ya sanya Solomiya Krushelnitskaya wani abu na musamman a al'adun opera a farkon karni na XNUMX da XNUMX.
Masu sauraro a Italiya da Jamus, Poland da Rasha, Faransa da Amurka sun yaba da gwaninta na ban mamaki. Taurarin Opera irin su Enrico Caruso, Mattia Battistini, Tito Ruffa sun yi waka a wannan mataki tare da ita. Shahararrun masu gudanarwa Toscanini, Cleofonte Campanini, Leopoldo Mugnone sun gayyace ta don yin aiki tare.
Godiya ce ga Solomiya Kruchelnytska cewa Butterfly (Giacomo Puccini) har yanzu ana yin shi akan matakan wasan opera na duniya a yau. Ayyukan manyan sassan mawaƙa sun zama mahimmanci ga sauran abubuwan ƙira. Wasan kwaikwayo na halarta halarta a karon a cikin wasan kwaikwayo "Salome", operas "Lorelei" da "Valli" ya zama sananne. An haɗa su a cikin ma'anar wasan kwaikwayo na dindindin.
Yarinta da kuruciyar mai zane
An haife ta a ranar 23 ga Satumba, 1872 a cikin yankin Ternopil a cikin babban dangi na firist. Da yake fahimtar iyawar muryar 'yarsa da ba a saba gani ba, mahaifinta ya ba ta ilimin kiɗan da ya dace. Ta yi waka a cikin mawakansa, har ma ta gudanar da shi na wani lokaci.
Ya goyi bayanta a cikin rashin son auren wanda ba a so da kuma sadaukar da rayuwarta ga fasaha. Domin ’yar ta ƙi auren firist na gaba, matsala mai yawa ta bayyana a cikin iyali. Sauran 'ya'yansa mata ba a yi musu aure ba. Amma uban, ba kamar mahaifiyar Sulomiya ba, a ko da yaushe ya kasance a gefen abin da ya fi so.
Azuzuwan a Conservatory tare da Farfesa Valery Vysotsky na tsawon shekaru uku ya ba da sakamako mai kyau. Solomiya ta fara fitowa a dandalin Lviv Opera Theatre a matsayin mezzo-soprano a cikin opera The Favorite (Gaetano Donizetti).
Godiya ga saninta da tauraron Italiya Gemma Belliconi, Solomiya ta fara karatu a Italiya. Yanayin muryarta ba mezzo ba ne, amma soprano mai wasan kwaikwayo na lyric (wannan sanannen malamin Milanese bel canto Fausta Crespi ya tabbatar). Don haka, an riga an haɗa makomar Sulomiya da Italiya. Sunan Solomiya daga Italiyanci yana nufin "nawa kawai." Ta sami matsala mai tsanani - ya zama dole don "sake" muryarta daga mezzo zuwa soprano. Komai ya fara daga karce.
A cikin tarihinta, Elena ('yar'uwar Krushelnitskaya) ta rubuta game da halin Solomiya: "Kowace rana tana nazarin kiɗa da waƙa na tsawon sa'o'i biyar ko shida, sa'an nan kuma ta je laccoci a kan wasan kwaikwayo, ta dawo gida a gajiye. Amma ba ta taba yin korafin komai ba. Na yi mamakin fiye da sau ɗaya a ina ta sami ƙarfi da kuzari sosai. 'Yar'uwata tana son kade-kade da rera waka sosai ta yadda idan ba tare da su ba kamar babu rayuwa a gare ta.
Solomiya, a dabi'arta, ta kasance mai kyakkyawan fata, amma saboda wasu dalilai koyaushe tana jin wani irin rashin gamsuwa da kanta. Ga kowace irin rawar tata, ta shirya sosai. Don koyon sashin, Solomiya tana bukatar kawai ta kalli bayanan da ta karanta daga takarda, yayin da mutum yake karanta rubutu da aka buga. Na koyi wasan da zuciya ɗaya cikin kwana biyu ko uku. Amma wannan shine farkon aikin.
Farkon sana'ar kirkire-kirkire
Daga wasika tare da Mikhail Pavlik, an san cewa Solomiya kuma ya yi nazarin abun da ke ciki, ta yi ƙoƙari ta rubuta kiɗa da kanta. Amma sai ta bar irin wannan ƙirƙira, ta sadaukar da kanta ga waƙa kawai.
A 1894, da singer sanya hannu a kwangila tare da opera House. Tare da shahararren ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Alexander Mishuga, ta rera a cikin operas Faust, Il trovatore, Un ballo in maschera, Pebble. Ba duk sassan opera ne suka dace da muryarta ba. Akwai gutsutsayen coloratura a sassan Margarita da Eleonora.
Duk da komai, mawaƙin ya gudanar. Sai dai masu suka a Poland sun zargi Kruchelnytska da yin waka a cikin harshen Italiyanci. Kuma ta manta da abin da aka koya mata a makarantar conservatory, ta danganta ga gazawarta da ba ta da shi. Hakika, wannan ba zai iya yi ba tare da "mai laifi" Farfesa Vysotsky da dalibansa. Don haka, bayan ta yi wasan opera, Solomiya ta sake komawa Italiya don yin karatu.
"Da zaran na isa, inda 'yan shekaru kafin Lvov ... jama'a a can ba za su gane ni ba ... Zan jimre har zuwa ƙarshe kuma in yi ƙoƙari in shawo kan duk masu ra'ayinmu cewa ruhun Rasha kuma yana iya rungumar akalla a kalla. mafi girma a duniyar kiɗa," ta rubuta wa abokanta a Italiya.
Ta koma Lvov a Janairu 1895. A nan mawaƙi ya yi "Manon" (Giacomo Puccini). Daga nan sai ta tafi Vienna wurin shahararren malamin nan Gensbacher domin yin karatun operas na Wagner. Solomiya ta taka rawar gani a kusan dukkanin wasan operas na Wagner a matakai daban-daban na duniya. An dauke ta a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayon nasa.
Sai kuma Warsaw. Anan tayi sauri ta samu girmamawa da shahara. Jama'a na Poland da masu sukar sun ɗauki ta a matsayin mai yin wasan kwaikwayo na jam'iyyun "Pebble" da "Countess". A cikin 1898-1902. A kan mataki na Bolshoi Theatre a Warsaw, Solomiya yi tare da Enrico Caruso. Kuma tare da Mattia Battistini, Adam Didur, Vladislav Floriansky da sauransu.
Solomiya Kruchelnytska: Ayyukan ƙirƙira
Domin 5 shekaru ta yi rawar a cikin operas: Tannhäuser da Valkyrie (Richard Wagner), Othello, Aida. Kazalika "Don Carlos", "Masquerade Ball", "Ernani" (Giuseppe Verdi), "Afirka", "Robert Iblis" da "Huguenots" (Giacomo Meyerbeer), "Yar Cardinal" ("Yahudawa") ( Dagaantal Halevi) , "Demon" (Anton Rubinstein), "Werther" (Jules Massenet), "La Gioconda" (Amilcare Ponchielli), "Tosca" da "Manon" (Giacomo Puccini), "Ƙasar Girmama" (Pietro Mascagni), "Fra Iblis" (Daniel Francois Aubert)," Maria di Rogan "(Gaetano Donizetti)," Barber na Seville "(Gioacchino Rossini)," Eugene Onegin "," Sarauniyar Spades "da" Mazepa "(Pyotr Tchaikovsky) "Jarumi da Leander" ( Giovanni Bottesini), "Pebble" da "Countess" (Stanislav Moniuszko), "Goplan" (Vladislav Zelensky).
Akwai mutane a Warsaw da suka koma yin batanci, tsokana, bata wa mawakin baki. Sun yi aiki ta hanyar manema labarai kuma sun rubuta cewa mawaƙin yana samun kuɗi fiye da sauran masu fasaha. Kuma a lokaci guda, ba ta son yin waƙa a Yaren mutanen Poland, ba ta son kiɗan Moniuszko da sauran su, Solomiya ta yi fushi da irin waɗannan labaran kuma ta yanke shawarar barin Warsaw. Godiya ga feuilleton Libetsky "Sabon Italiyanci", mawaƙin ya zaɓi fassarar Italiyanci.
Daukaka da ganewa
Baya ga birane da ƙauyuka a yammacin Ukraine, Solomiya ta rera waƙa a Odessa a kan dandalin wasan opera na gida a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Italiyanci. Kyakkyawan hali na mazauna Odessa da Italiyanci tawagar zuwa gare ta shi ne saboda kasancewar wani gagarumin adadin Italiyanci a cikin birnin. Ba wai kawai sun zauna a Odessa ba, amma kuma sun yi yawa don ci gaban al'adun kiɗa na kudancin Palmyra.
Yin aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bolshoi da Mariinsky, tsawon shekaru Solomiya Krushelnitskaya ya sami nasarar yin wasan kwaikwayo ta Pyotr Tchaikovsky.
Guido Marotta ya ce game da manyan halayen kida na mawaƙa: "Solomiya Krushelnitskaya ƙwararren mawaƙi ne tare da ma'anar salo mai mahimmanci. Ta buga piano da kyau, ta koyar da maki da rawar da kanta, ba tare da neman taimako daga kwararru ba.
A cikin 1902, Krushelnitskaya ya zagaya a St. Petersburg, har ma da waƙa ga Tsar na Rasha. Sa'an nan ta yi a Paris tare da sanannen tenor Jan Reschke. A filin wasan La Scala, ta rera waƙa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa Salome, opera Elektra (na Richard Strauss), Phaedre (na Simon Maira), da sauransu, a cikin 1920, ta fito a dandalin opera na ƙarshe. A gidan wasan kwaikwayo "La Scala" Solomiya rera waka a cikin opera "Lohengrin" (Richard Wagner).
Solomiya Kruchelnytska: Rayuwa bayan Opera Stage
Bayan kammala aikinta na opera, Solomiya ta fara rera waƙa a cikin ɗakin karatu. Yayin yawon shakatawa a Amurka, ta rera a cikin harsuna bakwai (Italiyanci, Faransanci, Jamusanci, Turanci, Mutanen Espanya, Yaren mutanen Poland, Rashanci) tsohon, na gargajiya, na soyayya, na zamani da na jama'a. Krushelnitskaya ya san yadda za a ba kowane ɗayan su dandano na musamman. Bayan haka, tana da wani fasali mai mahimmanci - ma'anar salon.
A shekara ta 1939 (a jajibirin rabuwar Poland tsakanin tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet da Jamus), Kruchelnytska ya sake zuwa Lvov. Tana yin haka duk shekara don ganin danginta. Duk da haka, ba za ta iya komawa Italiya ba. An hana wannan da farko ta hanyar shigar Galicia zuwa USSR, sannan ta hanyar yakin.
Jaridar Soviet bayan yakin ya rubuta game da rashin son Kruchelnytska na barin Lvov ya koma Italiya. Kuma ta buga kalmomin mawaƙa, wanda ya yanke shawarar cewa ya fi kyau zama mutumin Soviet fiye da "Miliyan Italiya".
Ƙarfin hali ya taimaka wa Solomiya ta tsira da baƙin ciki, da yunwa, da kuma rashin lafiyar da ta karye a lokacin 1941-1945. ’Yan’uwan sun taimaka wa Solomiya, don ba ta da aikin yi, ba a gayyace ta ko’ina ba. Da wahala, tsohon tauraron wasan opera ya sami aiki a Lviv Conservatory. Amma kasancewarta ɗan ƙasar Italiya ya kasance. Domin samun zama ɗan ƙasa na gurguzu Ukraine, dole ne ta amince da sayar da wani villa a Italiya. Kuma ba da kudi ga Tarayyar Soviet. Bayan da aka samu daga gwamnatin Soviet wani kashi maras muhimmanci na sayar da villa, aikin malami, lakabin ma'aikaci mai daraja, farfesa, mai rairayi ya fara aikin koyarwa.
Duk da shekarunta, Solomiya Kruchelnitskaya ta yi wasan kwaikwayo na solo a lokacin tana da shekaru 77. A cewar daya daga cikin masu sauraren kade-kaden:
"Ta buga da zurfin soprano mai haske, mai ƙarfi, mai sassauƙa, wanda, godiya ga ikon sihiri, ya zubo kamar sabon rafi daga jikin mawaƙan."
Mai zane ba shi da shahararrun ɗalibai. Mutane kaɗan a lokacin sun gama karatunsu har zuwa shekara ta 5, lokacin yaƙi bayan yaƙi a Lviv yana da wahala sosai.
Shahararriyar ‘yar wasan ta rasu tana da shekaru 80 a duniya sakamakon cutar kansar makogwaro. Mawakiyar dai ba ta yi wa kowa korafin rashin lafiyarta ba, ta rasu a nitse, ba tare da jan hankali sosai ba.
Memories na almara na Ukrainian music
An sadaukar da kayan kida ga mai zane, an zana hotuna. Shahararrun masu al'adu da siyasa sun kasance suna soyayya da ita. Waɗannan su ne marubuci Vasily Stefanik, marubuci kuma ɗan jama'a Mikhail Pavlik. Kazalika lauya kuma dan siyasa Teofil Okunevsky, masanin harhada magunguna na Sarkin Masar. Shahararren dan wasan kasar Italiya Manfredo Manfredini ya kashe kansa daga wata soyayyar da ba ta dace da wasan opera diva ba.
An ba ta lambar yabo: "marasa kyau", "kawai", "na musamman", "marasa kwatance". Daya daga cikin fitattun mawakan Italiyanci na karshen karni na XNUMX da farkon karni na XNUMX, Gabriele d'Annunzio. Ya sadaukar da ayar "Poetic Memory" zuwa Kruchelnitskaya, wanda daga baya aka saita zuwa music ta mawaki Renato Brogi.
Solomiya Krushelnytska ya dace da shahararrun mutane na al'adun Ukrainian: Ivan Franko, Mykola Lysenko, Vasily Stefanyk, Olga Kobylyanska. Mawakiyar ta kasance koyaushe tana yin waƙoƙin gargajiya na Ukrain a wurin shagali kuma ba ta taɓa karya dangantaka da ƙasarta ta haihuwa ba.
Paradoxically Kruchelnitskaya ba a gayyace su raira waƙa a kan mataki na Kiev Opera House. Ko da yake ta yi wa gwamnatinsa wasiƙa na shekaru da yawa. Duk da haka, akwai wani ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun tsarin. Sauran sanannun masu fasaha na Ukrainian suna da irin wannan rabo na "marasa gayyata". Wannan shi ne mawallafin soloist na Vienna Opera Ira Malaniuk da Wagner tenor wanda ba a iya gani ba, mawallafin soloist na Royal Opera Modest Mencinski na Sweden.
Mawaƙin ya yi rayuwa mai daɗi a matsayin tauraron opera na farkon girma. Amma sau da yawa ta nakalto wa ɗalibanta kalmomin Enrico Caruso cewa duk matasa masu sha'awar wasan opera, tana so ta yi ihu:
“Ka tuna! Wannan sana'a ce mai matukar wahala. Ko da a lokacin da kuke da babbar murya da ƙwararrun ilimi, har yanzu dole ne ku ƙware babbar rawar da ya taka. Kuma hakan yana ɗaukar shekaru na aiki tuƙuru da ƙwaƙwalwa na musamman. Ƙara zuwa wannan ƙwarewar matakin, wanda kuma yana buƙatar horo kuma ba za ku iya yin ba tare da shi ba a cikin opera. Dole ne ku iya motsawa, shinge, fadowa, gesticulate, da makamantansu. Kuma, a ƙarshe, a halin da ake ciki na opera, ya zama dole a san harsunan waje.
Abokiyar Solomia Negrito da Piazzini ('yar daraktan wasan kwaikwayo a Buenos Aires) ta tuna cewa babu wani shugaba ko daya da ya yi magana da ita, ya gane cewa ba za ta iya tsayawa ba. Amma ko da shahararrun madugu da mawaƙa sun saurari shawarwari da ra'ayoyin Sulomiya.
