Dmitri Shostakovich - pianist, mawaki, malami kuma jama'a adadi. Wannan shine ɗayan shahararrun mawaƙa na ƙarni na ƙarshe. Ya yi nasarar tsara waƙa da yawa.
Halin da kuma hanyar rayuwa na Shostakovich ya cika da abubuwan ban tausayi. Amma godiya ga gwaji da Dmitry Dmitrievich ya halitta, tilasta wa sauran mutane su rayu kuma kada su daina.
Dmitri Shostakovich: Yara da Matasa
An haifi Maestro a watan Satumba 1906. Baya ga ƙaramar Dima, iyayen sun haɓaka ƙarin 'ya'ya mata biyu. Iyalin Shostakovich sun kasance masu sha'awar kiɗa. A gida, iyaye da yara sun shirya kide-kide ba tare da bata lokaci ba.
Iyalin sun rayu da kyau, har ma da wadata. Dmitry ya halarci dakin motsa jiki mai zaman kansa, da kuma wata mashahuriyar makarantar kiɗa mai suna I. A. Glyasser. Mawaƙin ya koya wa Shostakovich alamar kida. Amma bai koyar da abun da ke ciki ba, don haka Dima ya yi nazarin duk abubuwan da ke tattare da yin waƙa da kansa.
Shostakovich a cikin memoirs ya tuna da Glasser a matsayin mugu, m da narcissistic mutum. Duk da kwarewar koyarwarsa, bai san yadda ake gudanar da darussan kiɗa ba kwata-kwata kuma ba shi da kusanci ga yara. Bayan 'yan shekaru, Dmitry ya bar makarantar kiɗa, har ma da lallashin mahaifiyarsa bai tilasta shi ya canza ra'ayinsa ba.
A lokacin yaro, maestro yana da wani taron da ya dade yana tunawa. Ya ga wani mummunan lamari a cikin 1917. Dima ya ga yadda Cossack, ya tarwatsa taron jama'a, ya yanke wani karamin yaro rabin. Abin ban mamaki, wannan mummunan al'amari ya zaburar da maestro don rubuta abin da ya shafi "Tattaunawar Jana'izar a Tunawa da wadanda juyin juya halin Musulunci ya shafa."
Samun ilimi
Bayan kammala karatu daga masu zaman kansu makaranta Dmitry Dmitrievich shiga Petrograd Conservatory. Iyaye ba su ƙi ɗansu ba, amma, akasin haka, sun goyi bayansa. Bayan kammala karatun farko, matashin mawaki ya hada da Scherzo fis-moll.
Kusan lokaci guda, bankin piggy na kiɗansa ya cika da ayyukan "Tatsuniyoyi biyu na Krylov" da "Rawan Fantastic raye-raye uku". Ba da da ewa rabo kawo maestro tare da Boris Vladimirovich Asafiev da Vladimir Vladimirovich Shcherbachev. Sun kasance ɓangare na Anna Vogt Circle.
Dmitry dalibi ne abin koyi. Ya halarci makarantar conservatory duk da cikas da yawa. Kasar ta shiga cikin mawuyacin hali. Akwai yunwa da talauci. A wancan lokacin dalibai da dama sun mutu saboda gajiya. Duk da dukan matsaloli Shostakovich ziyarci ganuwar Conservatory da kuma ci gaba da rayayye shiga cikin music.
A cewar Shostakovich's memoirs:
“Gidan gidana yayi nisa da dakin ajiyar kaya. Zai zama mafi ma'ana don ɗaukar tram ɗin kawai ku isa can. Amma yanayina a lokacin ba shi da amfani sosai don kawai ba ni da ƙarfin tsayawa in jira abin hawa. Trams ke gudu da wuya a lokacin. Dole na tashi ƴan sa'o'i da suka wuce na yi tafiya makaranta kawai. Sha'awar samun ilimi ya fi kasala da rashin lafiya girma..."
Wani bala'i ya kara tsananta lamarin - shugaban iyali ya mutu. Dmitry ba shi da wani zaɓi sai ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan wasan pianist a sinimar Light Tape. Wannan yana daya daga cikin lokuta mafi wahala a rayuwar maestro. Aikin bare ne gareshi. Ƙari ga haka, ya karɓi ƙaramin albashi, kuma ya ba da kusan dukan lokacinsa da ƙarfinsa. Duk da haka, Shostakovich ba shi da wani zabi, tun da ya dauki matsayi na shugaban iyali.
Aiki na mawaki Dmitry Shostakovich
Bayan ya yi aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo tsawon wata guda, saurayin ya tafi wurin darakta don samun albashin da ya dace. Amma akwai wani yanayi mara dadi. Daraktan ya fara kunyata Dmitry don yana son samun kuɗi. A cewar darektan, Shostakovich, a matsayin mutum mai kirki, bai kamata ya yi tunani game da kudi ba, aikinsa shine ƙirƙirar kuma kada ya bi manufofin tushe. Duk da haka, maestro ya samu rabin albashin, ya kai karar sauran ta kotu.
A wannan lokacin, Dmitry Dmitrievich ya riga ya gane a cikin da'irori. An gayyace shi don yin wasa a maraice don tunawa da Akim Lvovich. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ikonsa ya ƙarfafa.
A 1923 ya sauke karatu tare da girmamawa daga Petrograd Conservatory a piano. Kuma a 1925 - a cikin aji na abun da ke ciki. A matsayin aikin digiri, ya gabatar da Symphony No. 1. Wannan abun da ke ciki ne ya bude Shostakovich ga magoya bayan kiɗa na gargajiya. Ya sami farin jini na farko.
Dmitri Shostakovich: m hanya
A cikin 1930s, an gabatar da wani ingantaccen abun ciki na maestro. Muna magana ne game da "Lady Macbeth na gundumar Mtsensk." A wannan lokacin, yana da waƙoƙi kusan biyar a cikin repertore. A ƙarshen 1930s, ya gabatar da Jazz Suite ga jama'a.
Ba kowa ba ne ya ɗauki aikin matashin mawaki da sha'awa. Wasu masu sukar Soviet sun fara shakkar basirar Dmitry Dmitrievich. Wannan zargi ne ya tilasta Shostakovich sake yin la'akari da ra'ayinsa game da aikinsa. Symphony No. 4 ba a gabatar da shi ga jama'a ba a matakin kammala shi. Maestro ya jinkirta gabatar da wani ƙwaƙƙwaran kida zuwa shekarun 1960 na karnin da ya gabata.
Bayan da kewaye na Leningrad, mawaƙin ya yi la'akari da cewa yawancin ayyukansa sun ɓace. Ya ɗauki aikin maido da rubuce-rubucen da aka rubuta. Ba da daɗewa ba, an sami kwafi na sassan Symphony No. 4 don duk kayan aiki a cikin ɗakunan ajiya na takardu.
Yaƙin ya sami maestro a Leningrad. A cikin wannan lokacin ne ya yi aiki tuƙuru a kan wani ayyukansa na Allah. Muna magana ne game da Symphony No. 7. An tilasta masa barin Leningrad, kuma ya ɗauki abu ɗaya kawai - nasarorin wasan kwaikwayo. Godiya ga wannan aikin Shostakovich ya ɗauki saman Olympus na kiɗa. Ya zama mashahurin mawaki kuma mawaki. Yawancin magoya bayan kiɗa na gargajiya sun san Symphony No. 7 a matsayin "Leningradskaya".
Kirkirar bayan yakin
Bayan karshen yakin, Dmitry Dmitrievich ya saki Symphony No. 9. Gabatarwar aikin ya faru a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 1945. Bayan 'yan shekaru bayan wannan taron, maestro yana cikin mawakan da suka fada cikin abin da ake kira "black list". Abubuwan da mawaƙan suka yi, a cewar hukumomi, sun kasance baƙi ga mutanen Soviet. Dmitry Dmitrievich aka hana daga lakabi na farfesa, wanda ya samu a cikin marigayi 1930s na karshe karni.
A ƙarshen 1940s, maestro ya gabatar da waƙar cantata na gandun daji. Aikin ya cika dukkan ka'idojin gwamnatin Soviet. A cikin abun da ke ciki, Dmitry Dmitrievich ya raira waƙa game da kyawawan USSR da hukumomi, godiya ga wanda zai yiwu a mayar da sakamakon yakin. Godiya ga abun da ke ciki, maestro ya sami lambar yabo ta Stalin. Bugu da ƙari, hukumomi da masu sukar sun kalli Shostakovich da idanu daban-daban. An cire shi daga jerin baƙar fata.
A shekara ta 1950, mawaki ya burge da ayyukan Bach da ayyukan mai zane Leipzig. Kuma ya shirya game da shirya preludes 24 da fugues don piano. Mutane da yawa sun hada da abun da ke ciki a cikin jerin shahararrun ayyukan Shostakovich.
Ba da da ewa kafin mutuwarsa Shostakovich halitta hudu more symphonies. Bugu da ƙari, ya rubuta ayyukan murya da yawa da kirtani quartets.
Cikakkun bayanai na rayuwar sirri
Bisa ga tunanin mutane na kusa, rayuwar Shostakovich ba zai iya inganta ba na dogon lokaci. Ƙaunar farko ta maestro ita ce Tatyana Glivenko. Ya sadu da wata yarinya a 1923.
Soyayya ce a gani na farko. Yarinyar ta ramawa Dmitry kuma tana tsammanin neman aure. Shostakovich ya kasance matashi. Kuma bai kuskura ya ba da shawara ga Tanya ba. Ya kuskura ya dauki wani muhimmin mataki bayan shekaru uku kacal, amma ya makara. Glivenko ya auri wani saurayi.
Dmitry Dmitrievich ya damu sosai game da ƙi Tatyana. Amma bayan wani lokaci ya yi aure. Nina Vazar ta zama matarsa ta hukuma. Sun zauna tare har tsawon shekaru 20. Matar ta haifa wa mutumin ’ya’ya biyu. Vasar ya mutu a shekara ta 1954.
A matsayin gwauruwa Shostakovich bai rayu tsawon lokaci ba. Ba da da ewa ya auri Margarita Kainov. Wannan haɗin gwiwa ne mai ƙarfi da wuta. Duk da tsananin sha'awar jima'i, ma'aurata ba za su iya zama a cikin rayuwar yau da kullum ba. Nan da nan suka yanke shawarar shigar da karar saki.
A farkon 1960s na karshe karni, ya auri Irina Supinskaya. Ta kasance mai sadaukarwa ga shahararren mawaki kuma tana tare da shi har mutuwarsa.
Ban sha'awa facts game da mawaki Dmitry Shostakovich
- A cikin rayuwarsa, mawaki yana da dangantaka mai wuya tare da hukumomin Soviet. Ya sa wani akwati mai ban tsoro a tattare da shi idan ba zato ba tsammani sun zo kama shi.
- Ya sha fama da munanan halaye. Har zuwa karshen kwanakinsa Dmitry Dmitrievich shan taba. Bugu da ƙari, yana son caca kuma koyaushe yana wasa don kuɗi.
- Stalin ya umurci Shostakovich rubuta waƙar Tarayyar Soviet. Amma a ƙarshe, bai ji daɗin abin ba, kuma ya zaɓi waƙar wani marubuci.
- Dmitry Dmitrievich ya gode wa iyayensa don basirarsa. Mahaifiya ta yi aiki a matsayin mai wasan pian, kuma mahaifinsa mawaƙi ne. Shostakovich ya rubuta na farko abun da ke ciki a shekaru 9.
- Dmitry Dmitrievich shiga cikin jerin 40 mafi yi opera composers a duniya. Wani abin sha'awa shi ne, a kowace shekara ana yin wasan kwaikwayo tare da wasan operas sama da 300.
Dmitri Shostakovich: Shekarun Ƙarshe na Rayuwarsa
A tsakiyar shekarun 1960, shahararren maestro ya kamu da rashin lafiya. Likitocin Soviet kawai sun bushe. Ba za su iya tantance cutar ba kuma sun dage cewa ba za a iya gano cutar ba. Matar Shostakovich, Irina, ta ce an wajabta wa mijinta darussa na bitamin, amma cutar ta ci gaba da ci gaba.
Daga baya, likitoci sun yi nasarar gano rashin lafiyar mawakin. Ya bayyana cewa Dmitry Dmitrievich yana da cutar Charcot. Maestro ya bi da ba kawai ta Soviet ba, har ma da likitocin Amurka. Da zarar ya ziyarci ofishin sanannen likita Ilizarov. Na ɗan lokaci, ciwon ya tafi. Amma ba da daɗewa ba alamun sun bayyana, kuma cutar Charcot ta fara ci gaba sosai.
Dmitry Dmitrievich yayi ƙoƙarin magance duk alamun cutar. Ya sha kwayoyi, ya shiga wasanni, ya ci daidai, amma cutar ta fi karfi. Ta'aziyya kawai ga mawaki shine kiɗa. Ya kasance yana halarta akai-akai inda ake kunna kiɗan gargajiya. A kowane taron, yana tare da mace mai ƙauna.
A 1975 Shostakovich ziyarci Leningrad. Za a gudanar da wani kade-kade a babban birnin kasar, inda aka gudanar da daya daga cikin na soyayya. Mawakin da ya yi soyayya ya manta da farkon abin da aka yi. Wannan ya sa Dmitry Dmitrievich damuwa. Lokacin da ma'aurata suka koma gida, Shostakovich ba zato ba tsammani ya yi rashin lafiya. Matar ta kira likitocin, suka gano cewa tana da ciwon zuciya.
Ya mutu a ranar 9 ga Agusta, 1975. Matar ta tuna cewa a wannan rana za su kalli kwallon kafa a talabijin. Sa'o'i kadan ne suka rage a fara wasan. Dmitry ya tambayi Irina ta je samun wasiƙar. Lokacin da matarsa ta dawo, Shostakovich ya riga ya mutu. An binne gawar maestro a makabartar Novodevichy.
