Giacomo Puccini ana kiransa opera maestro mai hazaka. Yana daya daga cikin mawakan waka guda uku da suka fi yin waka a duniya. Suna magana game da shi a matsayin mafi haske mawaki na "verismo" shugabanci.
Yara da matasa
An haife shi a ranar 22 ga Disamba, 1858 a cikin ƙaramin garin Lucca. Ya samu kaddara mai wahala. Lokacin da yake dan shekara 5, mahaifinsa ya rasu cikin bala'i. Ya ba shi son kiɗa. Uban mawaƙin gado ne. Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, duk matsalolin da suka shafi ciyarwa da renon yara takwas sun fada kan uwar.
Ilimin kida na saurayin da kawunsa Fortunato Maggi ne ya yi. Ya yi koyarwa a Lyceum, kuma shi ne shugaban cocin kotu. Tun yana ɗan shekara 10, Puccini ya rera waƙa a cikin mawakan coci. Bugu da kari, ya taka leda da fasaha.
Puccini ya bi mafarki daya daga samartaka - yana so ya ji abubuwan Giuseppe Verdi. Burinsa ya cika yana dan shekara 18. Sa'an nan Giacomo, tare da abokansa, sun tafi Pisa don sauraron opera Aida na Verdi. Tafiya ce mai tsayi, tsawon kilomita 40. Lokacin da ya ji kyakkyawan halittar Giuseppe, bai yi nadama da ƙoƙarin da aka kashe ba. Bayan haka, Puccini ya gane a wace hanya yake so ya ci gaba.
A 1880 ya zo mataki daya kusa da mafarkinsa. Daga nan ya zama dalibi a babbar makarantar Conservatory Milan. Ya yi shekara 4 a makaranta. A wannan lokacin, danginsa, Nicolao Cheru, ya tsunduma cikin samar da iyali Puccini. A zahiri, ya biya kuɗin karatun Giacomo.
Hanyar kirkira da kiɗan mawaki Giacomo Puccini
A kan ƙasa na Milan, ya rubuta aikinsa na farko. Muna magana ne game da opera "Willis". Ya rubuta aikin ne domin ya shiga gasar waka ta gida. Bai samu nasara ba, amma gasar ta ba shi wani abu. Ya ja hankalin daraktan gidan buga littattafai, Giulio Ricordi, wanda ya buga sakamakon mawakan. Kusan duk ayyukan da suka fito daga alkalami na Puccini an buga su a cibiyar Ricordi. An shirya "Willis" a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gida. Jama'a sun karbe opera da kyau.
Bayan hasashe na farko, wakilan gidan bugawa sun tuntubi Puccini. Sun yi odar sabuwar opera daga mawaƙin. Ba lokaci ne mafi kyau don rubuta abun da aka tsara na kiɗa ba. Giacomo ya sami tashin hankali mai ƙarfi. Gaskiyar ita ce, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu da ciwon daji. Bugu da ƙari, maestro yana da ɗan shege. Kuma tsinewa ta hau kansa saboda ya danganta rayuwarsa da matar aure.
A cikin 1889, gidan wallafe-wallafen ya buga wasan kwaikwayo Edgar. Bayan irin wannan halarta na farko mai haske, ba a sa ran aiki kaɗan daga Puccini ba. Amma wasan kwaikwayo bai burge ko dai masu sukar kiɗa ko jama'a ba. An karɓi wasan kwaikwayo cikin kwanciyar hankali. Da farko, wannan ya faru ne saboda ba'a da makircin banal. An gudanar da wasan opera sau kaɗan kawai. Puccini yana so ya kawo wasan kwaikwayo zuwa cikakke, don haka a cikin shekaru da yawa ya cire wasu sassa kuma ya rubuta sababbi.
Manon Lescaut shine wasan opera na uku na maestro. An yi wahayi zuwa ga labari daga Antoine Francois Prévost. Mawaƙin ya yi aiki a kan opera na tsawon shekaru huɗu. Sabuwar halitta ta burge masu sauraro sosai cewa bayan wasan kwaikwayon an tilastawa 'yan wasan su rusuna fiye da sau 10. Bayan fara wasan opera, an fara kiran Puccini mabiyin Verdi.
Abin kunya tare da mawaki Giacomo Puccini
Ba da daɗewa ba, an sake cika repertoire na Giacomo da wani opera. Wannan ita ce opera ta hudu ta maestro. Mawaƙin ya gabatar wa jama'a aikin da ya dace "La Boheme".
An rubuta wannan opera a cikin yanayi mai wuyar gaske. A lokaci guda tare da maestro, wani mawaƙi, Puccini Leoncavallo, ya rubuta kiɗa don opera Scenes daga Rayuwar Bohemia. An haɗa mawaƙa ba kawai ta hanyar soyayya ga opera ba, har ma ta hanyar abota mai ƙarfi.
Bayan kaddamar da wasan operas guda biyu, wata badakala ta barke a manema labarai. Masu sukar kiɗa sun yi jayayya game da wanda aikin ya yi tasiri a kan masu sauraro. Masoyan kiɗan gargajiya sun fi son Giacomo.
Kusan lokaci guda, mazaunan Turai sun sha'awar wasan kwaikwayo mai ban sha'awa "Tosca", wanda marubucin ya kasance mawallafin Giuseppe Giacosa. Mawaƙin ya kuma yaba da samarwa. Bayan farko, ya so ya hadu da kansa marubucin na samar, Victorien Sardou. Ya so ya rubuta maki na kida don wasan kwaikwayo.
Aikin rakiyar kiɗa ya daɗe na shekaru da yawa. Lokacin da aka rubuta aikin, farkon wasan opera Tosca ya faru a Teatro Costanzi. Lamarin ya faru ne a ranar 14 ga Janairu, 1900. Aria na Cavaradossi, wanda ya yi sauti a mataki na uku, ana iya jin shi a yau a matsayin sauti na fina-finai da jerin talabijin.
Rage shaharar maestro Giacomo Puccini
A cikin 1904, Puccini ya gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo Madama Butterfly ga jama'a. Farko na abun da ke ciki ya faru a Italiya a tsakiyar gidan wasan kwaikwayo "La Scala". Giacomo ya ƙidaya akan wasan don ƙarfafa ikonsa. Duk da haka, aikin ya sami karɓuwa daga jama'a. Kuma masu sukar kiɗan sun lura cewa dogon wasan na mintuna 90 ya kusan jawo hankalin masu sauraro. Daga baya ya zama sananne cewa masu fafatawa na Puccini sun yi ƙoƙari su kawar da shi daga fagen kiɗan. Don haka aka ba masu suka.
Mawakin da bai saba yin asara ba, ya yi niyyar gyara kura-kuran da ya tafka. Ya yi la'akari da maganganun masu sukar kiɗa, don haka farkon wani sabon salo na Madama Butterfly ya faru a Brescia a ranar 28 ga Mayu. Wannan wasan ne Giacomo yayi la'akari da mafi girman aikinsa na repertoire.
Wannan lokacin an yi masa alama da abubuwa da yawa masu ban tsoro waɗanda suka yi tasiri ga ayyukan ƙirƙira na maestro. A cikin 1903, ya kasance cikin mummunan hatsarin mota. Mai tsaron gidan sa Doria Manfredi da son rai ya mutu sakamakon matsin lamba daga matar Puccini. Bayan wannan taron ya fito fili, kotu ta umurci Giacomo da ya biya diyya na kudi ga iyalan mamacin. Ba da daɗewa ba abokinsa mai aminci Giulio Ricordi, wanda ya rinjayi ci gaban aikin maestro, ya mutu.
Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru sun yi tasiri sosai ga yanayin tunanin mawaƙin, amma har yanzu ya yi ƙoƙari ya ƙirƙira. A wannan lokacin, ya gabatar da wasan opera "Yarinya daga Yamma". Bugu da kari, ya yi alkawarin canza operetta "Swallow". A sakamakon haka, Puccini ya gabatar da aikin a matsayin opera.
Ba da da ewa maestro gabatar da opera "Triptych" ga magoya na aikinsa. Ayyukan sun haɗa da wasan kwaikwayo guda uku na zagaye ɗaya wanda akwai jihohi daban-daban - tsoro, bala'i da ban tsoro.
A 1920, ya samu saba da play "Turandot" (Carlo Grossi). Mawaƙin ya gane cewa bai taɓa jin irin waɗannan kade-kaɗe ba, don haka yana so ya ƙirƙira rakiyar kiɗa don wasan. Ya kasa kammala aikin kan waƙar. A cikin wannan lokacin, ya sami babban canji a yanayi. Ya soma rubuta waƙa, amma da sauri ya bar aiki. Puccini ya kasa kammala aikin karshe.
Cikakkun bayanai na rayuwar sirri na Maestro Giacomo Puccini
Rayuwar sirri ta maestro ta cika da abubuwan ban sha'awa. A farkon 1886, Puccini ya ƙaunaci matar aure, Elvira Bonturi. Ba da daɗewa ba ma'auratan sun haifi ɗa, wanda aka rada wa mahaifinsa. Abin sha'awa, yarinyar ta riga ta haifi 'ya'ya biyu daga mijinta. Bayan haihuwar jariri, Elvira ya koma gidan tare da 'yar uwarsa Puccini. 'Yarta kawai ta tafi da ita.
Bayan dangantaka da matar aure, Giacomo ya fuskanci fushin maganganu daga mazauna birnin. Ba mazauna kadai ba, har ma da dangin mawakin sun yi adawa da shi. Lokacin da mijin Elvira ya mutu, Puccini ya iya mayar da matar.
An ce mawaki, bayan shekaru 18 na aure, ba ya so ya auri Elvira. A lokacin, ya kamu da soyayya da matashin mai sha'awar sa, Corinne. Elvira ta dauki matakan kawar da kishiyarta. A wannan lokacin, Giacomo yana murmurewa daga raunin da ya samu, don haka ba zai iya tsayayya da matar ba. Elvira gudanar ya kawar da matasa kyau da kuma dauki wurin hukuma matar.
Masu zamani sun ce Elvira da Giacomo suna da halaye daban-daban. Matar ta sha fama da damuwa akai-akai da sauye-sauyen yanayi, ta kasance mai tsauri da shakku. Puccini, akasin haka, ya shahara saboda halinsa na kokawa. Ya kasance mai ban dariya. Ya so ya taimaki mutane. A cikin wannan aure, mawaki bai sami farin ciki a rayuwarsa ba.
Abubuwan ban sha'awa game da mawaki
- Puccini yana sha'awar ba kawai a cikin kiɗa ba. Ba zai iya tunanin rayuwarsa ba tare da dawakai, farauta da karnuka ba.
- A cikin 1900, mafarkin da yake so ya cika. Gaskiyar ita ce, ya gina wa kansa gida a cikin kyakkyawan wurin hutunsa na bazara - Tuscan Torre del Lago, a bakin tekun Massaciuccoli.
- Shekara guda bayan ya mallaki kayan, wani siyayya ya bayyana a garejinsa. Ya sami damar samun motar De Dion Bouton.
- Yana da jiragen ruwa guda hudu da babura da dama a wurinsa.
- Puccini yayi kyau. Shahararren kamfanin Borsalino ya yi masa huluna bisa ga ma'auni guda ɗaya.
Shekarun ƙarshe na rayuwa da mutuwar maestro
A cikin 1923, an gano maestro yana da ƙari a cikin makogwaro. Likitoci sun yi kokarin ceto rayuwar Puccini, har ma sun yi masa tiyata. Koyaya, tiyata kawai ya tsananta yanayin Giacomo. Aikin da bai yi nasara ba ya haifar da ciwon zuciya.
Shekara guda bayan kamuwa da cutar kansa, ya ziyarci Brussels don samun maganin cutar kansa na musamman. An dauki tsawon sa’o’i 3 ana gudanar da aikin, amma a karshe, tiyatar ta kashe ma’aikatan. Ya rasu ne a ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamba.
Jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarsa, ya rubuta a cikin ɗayan wasiƙunsa cewa opera tana mutuwa, sabon ƙarni na buƙatar sauti daban. A cewar mawakin, tsarar ba ta da sha’awar kade-kade da wake-wake na ayyukan.
